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How can you implement a clean architecture pattern effectively?

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Clean architecture is a design principle that aims to make your application more maintainable, testable, and adaptable. It separates your code into different layers based on their level of abstraction and dependency. In this article, you will learn how to implement a clean architecture pattern effectively for your application development projects.

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Erik Pourali

Software Developer | .NET | Azure | AWS | CI/CD | Blazor | C#

1 Understand the layers

The first step to implement a clean architecture pattern is to understand the four main layers that compose it: entities, use cases, interfaces, and frameworks. Entities are the core business objects that define the rules and logic of your domain. Use cases are the operations that your application performs with the entities. Interfaces are the contracts that define how the use cases interact with external components, such as databases, web services, or UI. Frameworks are the concrete implementations of the interfaces that provide the technical details and tools for your application.

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Erik Pourali

Software Developer | .NET | Azure | AWS | CI/CD | Blazor | C#
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- Recognize the different layers, including the Domain Layer (core business logic), Application Layer (orchestration of use cases), Infrastructure Layer (external services, databases), and Presentation Layer. - Clearly outline dependencies, ensuring higher layers depend on lower layers. Avoid direct dependencies from inner layers to outer layers. - Develop unit tests for each layer to validate its functionality in isolation. Ensure tests are comprehensive, covering all critical scenarios. - Continuously improve code structure. Refactor when necessary to maintain a clean separation between layers and adhere to SOLID principles. - Regularly review feedback from code reviews, testing, and user experiences.

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Hossam Taha

Chief Technology Officer at Billetra El Duro
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- entities should be independent of any external db or interface or framework. - use cases also called interactors, they coordinate the data flow between entities and external interactors and they are independent of UI,frameworks and DBS - interfaces also known as adapters, they transform the data into a shape acceptable to use cases to be executed.

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RajeshwarReddy Gomarapu

.Net Fullstack / Certified Azure Solutions Architect Expert/ Data Engineer & AI/ML Aspirant
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Implementing a clean architecture pattern involves separating concerns into layers: Follow SOLID principles: Presentation Layer: UI components Use Cases Layer: Business logic and application rules. Entities Layer: Interfaces/Abstractions: IoC. Dependency Rule: Layers depend on abstractions, not concrete implementations. Decoupled Frameworks: Framework-independent core for maintainability. Testability: Easily test Use Cases and Entities in isolation. Separation of Concerns: Each layer has a distinct responsibility. Single Responsibility Principle (SRP): Each class/module has a single responsibility. Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP): Adapters for External Systems:

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2 Define the dependencies

The second step to implement a clean architecture pattern is to define the dependencies between the layers. The key rule is that the dependencies should always point inward, from the outer layers to the inner layers. This means that the entities and use cases should not depend on any specific framework or interface, but rather on abstract concepts and interfaces. This way, you can easily swap or change the frameworks and interfaces without affecting the core logic of your application. You can use dependency injection, inversion of control, or other techniques to achieve this.

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Hossam Taha

Chief Technology Officer at Billetra El Duro
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To add more clarification: - direction of dependencies is always from out to in Eg. - entities should be agnostic from any other layer. -use cases are allowed to point to entities and not vice versa - the same for interfaces and frameworks, each one should point to the inner layer not the outer one. By following dependency rules , it'll be easier to adapt new technology or change a part of the system

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3 Organize the modules

The third step to implement a clean architecture pattern is to organize your code into modules that reflect the layers and the dependencies. You can use different strategies to do this, such as folders, packages, namespaces, or projects. The idea is to create a clear separation of concerns and responsibilities for each module. For example, you can have a module for entities, a module for use cases, a module for interfaces, and a module for frameworks. Each module should only expose the necessary components and hide the internal details.

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Hossam Taha

Chief Technology Officer at Billetra El Duro
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An example If we're talking around a car agency system, we would organize our system modules according to the following 1- entities folder/app/lib to contain all of our system entities 2- uses cases folder we may give it a different name, sometimes it's named as Business or interactors and it'll be used to hold all of our system services/contracts and repositories if exist to be used as dependencies for interfaces/adapters layers 3- interfaces or adapters folder to hold all of our controllers and gateways that will be exposed to be used external

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4 Write the tests

The fourth step to implement a clean architecture pattern is to write tests for your code. Testing is essential to ensure the quality and reliability of your application. You can use different types of tests, such as unit tests, integration tests, or end-to-end tests, depending on the scope and purpose of each layer. The advantage of using a clean architecture pattern is that you can test each layer independently and isolate the errors and failures. You can also use mock objects, stubs, or fakes to simulate the behavior of the external components.

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Hossam Taha

Chief Technology Officer at Billetra El Duro
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One of the great points of clean architecture is that you can test each layer separately , using mocks/ stubs is useful to focus on each layer. - it's also better to test endpoints if your system has endpoints. - it's also recommended to run tests automatically with a CI pipeline. - balancing between unit testing and e2e testing will provide a good test coverage

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5 Refactor the code

The fifth step to implement a clean architecture pattern is to refactor your code regularly. Refactoring is the process of improving the design and structure of your code without changing its functionality. It helps you to keep your code clean, readable, and consistent. You can use various techniques and tools to refactor your code, such as renaming, extracting, moving, or simplifying methods, classes, or variables. You should also follow some coding standards and best practices, such as naming conventions, formatting, or documentation.

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Hossam Taha

Chief Technology Officer at Billetra El Duro
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Always follow these steps - find and follow your naming conventions - implement your clean architecture - use linter and code formatter to make all of your code one block style. - adopt code refactor all the way, as long as you develop you will need to update some parts / move some and refactor some to suit your system rules.

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6 Review the feedback

The sixth and final step to implement a clean architecture pattern is to review the feedback from your users, clients, or stakeholders. Feedback is valuable to evaluate the performance and usability of your application. It can also help you to identify the new requirements, features, or changes that your application needs. You should collect and analyze the feedback regularly and use it to improve your application. You should also communicate and collaborate with your team and other developers to share the feedback and the lessons learned.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How can you implement a clean architecture pattern effectively?

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1 Understand the layers

2 Define the dependencies

3 Organize the modules

4 Write the tests

5 Refactor the code

6 Review the feedback

7 Here’s what else to consider

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