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How can you design a structure to be more vibration-resistant?

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Vibration is a common phenomenon that affects structures of different types and sizes, from buildings and bridges to machinery and equipment. Vibration can cause damage, discomfort, noise, and reduced performance, so it is important to design structures that can resist or mitigate its effects. In this article, you will learn some basic principles and methods of vibration control and isolation that can help you improve your civil engineering projects.

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Yeo Chee Min

I help building cities, shaping lives | Project Management Professional | Aspiring Workplace Trainer |…
Mohammad Afzal Akhtar

Chief Surveyor & On site BIM Technician at Qanbar Dywidag Precast Concrete Co. Ltd

1 Sources of vibration

Vibration can originate from various sources, both internal and external to the structure. Internal sources include forces generated by the operation of mechanical or electrical systems, such as motors, fans, pumps, or generators. External sources include forces transmitted by the environment, such as wind, earthquakes, traffic, or waves. Depending on the frequency, amplitude, and duration of the vibration, it can have different impacts on the structure and its occupants or users.

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Mohammad Afzal Akhtar

Chief Surveyor & On site BIM Technician at Qanbar Dywidag Precast Concrete Co. Ltd
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1 Sources of vibration 2 Vibration modes and frequencies 3 Vibration control and isolation 4 Passive methods 5 Active methods 6 Design considerations

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2 Vibration modes and frequencies

Every structure has its own natural vibration modes and frequencies, which depend on its geometry, material, and boundary conditions. These are the shapes and rates at which the structure tends to vibrate when excited by a force. For example, a simple beam has a fundamental mode that involves bending up and down, and higher modes that involve twisting or bending in different directions. The natural frequencies are the inverse of the periods of the vibration modes, and they are usually expressed in hertz (Hz) or cycles per second.

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3 Vibration control and isolation

The main goal of vibration control and isolation is to reduce the vibration response of the structure to an acceptable level, either by changing its natural frequencies or by damping its vibration energy. There are two basic approaches to achieve this: passive and active. Passive methods involve modifying the physical properties or configuration of the structure or adding devices that absorb or dissipate vibration energy, such as springs, dampers, or isolators. Active methods involve applying external forces or feedback signals that counteract or cancel the vibration, such as actuators, sensors, or controllers.

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Yeo Chee Min

I help building cities, shaping lives | Project Management Professional | Aspiring Workplace Trainer | ICP-ATF | ICP-ACC | CSM?
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Vibration isolation can be achieved by using materials capable of providing a combination of highly elastic behavior in conjunction with damping properties. Pneumatic, hydraulic, elastic metal, and elastomeric designs are commonly used in commercial vibration isolation applications.

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4 Passive methods

Passive methods are usually simpler, cheaper, and more reliable than active methods, but they have some limitations and trade-offs. For example, changing the stiffness or mass of the structure can alter its natural frequencies, but it can also affect its strength or stability. Adding damping devices can reduce the vibration amplitude, but it can also reduce the efficiency or performance of the structure. Using isolators can decouple the structure from the source of vibration, but it can also introduce unwanted motion or instability.

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5 Active methods

Active methods are usually more complex, expensive, and sensitive than passive methods, but they have some advantages and benefits. For example, applying external forces or feedback signals can actively suppress or cancel the vibration, regardless of its frequency or amplitude. This can improve the comfort, safety, or functionality of the structure. However, active methods require careful design, tuning, and maintenance, as well as power supply and control systems. They can also introduce noise, interference, or instability if not properly implemented.

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6 Design considerations

Designing a structure to be more vibration-resistant requires taking into account several factors and criteria, such as the source, type, and magnitude of the vibration, the natural frequencies and modes of the structure, and the vibration response and performance. It's also necessary to consider the acceptable level of vibration for the structure and its occupants or users, as well as the cost, feasibility, and reliability of the vibration control and isolation methods. Furthermore, it's important to ensure that these methods are compatible with and integrated into the structure and its systems. By applying the principles and methods of vibration control and isolation, civil engineering projects can be enhanced to create more durable, comfortable, and efficient structures.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Sajid Siladjan

P.Tech-BC (MBOT) | GI-Civil (BEM, IEM) | G.MEMBER (IGRSM) | MEMBER (TAM) | B.Eng (UiTM) | Current Student M.Eng (UMS) | Fulltime at JKR Sabah
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1. Design for heavy-duty structure (high stiffness) 2. Mechanical items (vibrating machines) should have a casing that is attached directly to the base and have a separate structure (free structure) from the main structure. 3. Performing regular monitoring and maintenance on steel structure joints due to continuous vibration will sooner or later cause the strength of the joint to fail.

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How can you design a structure to be more vibration-resistant?

1

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3

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5

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1 Sources of vibration

2 Vibration modes and frequencies

3 Vibration control and isolation

4 Passive methods

5 Active methods

6 Design considerations

7 Here’s what else to consider

Civil Engineering

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How can you design a structure to be more vibration-resistant?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 Sources of vibration

2 Vibration modes and frequencies

3 Vibration control and isolation

4 Passive methods

5 Active methods

6 Design considerations

7 Here’s what else to consider

Civil Engineering

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