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How can user-generated content improve investigative Journalism?

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User-generated content (UGC) is any form of media, such as photos, videos, text, or audio, that is created and shared by people online, often on social media platforms. UGC can be a valuable source of information and evidence for investigative journalists, who can use it to uncover stories, verify facts, and amplify voices. However, UGC also poses some challenges and risks, such as ethical, legal, and quality issues. In this article, you will learn how UGC can improve investigative journalism, and what best practices you should follow to use it effectively and responsibly.

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Subramaniam (Subbu) Vincent

Director, Journalism and Media Ethics, Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University

1 What is investigative journalism?

Investigative journalism is a type of journalism that involves in-depth research, analysis, and reporting on topics of public interest, such as corruption, crime, human rights, or environmental issues. Investigative journalists often expose wrongdoing, injustice, or abuse of power, and hold authorities accountable. Investigative journalism requires a lot of time, resources, and skills, such as data collection, verification, interviewing, and storytelling.

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Subramaniam (Subbu) Vincent

Director, Journalism and Media Ethics, Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University
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Investigative journalism is often called the moral center of journalism. - It almost always uncovers new information and realities that are beneath the surface, hidden away. - It usually pulls out stories that powerful people want to block because their own power and decisions will be called into question when the stories come out. - In democratic societies with low transparency and high stonewalling by government authorities, investigative journalism breaks information asymmetries and threatens traditional power. Investigative journalists risk facing retaliation.

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2 Why is UGC important for investigative journalism?

UGC can be a valuable tool for investigative journalists, allowing them to find stories that are hidden or underreported, verify facts that are disputed or contested, and amplify voices of those who are marginalized or silenced. For instance, UGC can reveal the impact of a natural disaster on the ground, provide evidence of an event or source, and give visibility to victims, activists, and whistleblowers. UGC can therefore offer a unique perspective on stories that would otherwise remain untold.

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Subramaniam (Subbu) Vincent

Director, Journalism and Media Ethics, Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University
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UGC can also be specifically solicited around narrow questions newsrooms can ask their audiences, in a form with a deadline. This is crowdsourcing. A deadline gives a sense of timely purpose. The questions in a callout form - inviting UGC - can be framed in a way that goes beyond what is already in discussion on social media. People who want to see change may be willing to share documents and evidence with a newsroom they trust. Some may share such experiences on social media, but many do not share details. Or they may not want to post on social media to protect their own identity or keep themselves safe. The UGC input in crowdsourced form submissions may have crucial corroborating patterns, trends, or anecdotes that help reporters.

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Jason Brown

news | solutions
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At worst, UGC can be obvious bot-driven criticism with lots of broad, sweeping statements but precious few actual tips, quotes, or facts. At best, the journalist sees a sudden swamping of critical comments and thinks, 'Hm, on the right track.' At very best, a genuine comment or three gets through, and maybe even a name or at very, very best, a link. Which may or may not be legit, but is feedback - a signal - among the dozens, hundreds, thousands of other facts, figments, and fudges you're mentally juggling at any one point in time. tldr - social media users generate content that can literally save lives, but also cost lives.

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3 What are the challenges and risks of UGC for investigative journalism?

Investigative journalists need to be aware of the challenges and risks associated with UGC, such as ethical issues surrounding consent, privacy, safety, and harm. UGC could expose the identity or location of vulnerable people, or show graphic or sensitive content that can traumatize or offend the audience or the creator. Additionally, UGC can involve legal issues such as copyright, defamation, or privacy laws, which could infringe on the rights of the creator or the subject. Furthermore, UGC can vary in quality, accuracy, and reliability; it can be manipulated, fabricated, misinterpreted, contain errors or biases.

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4 How to use UGC effectively and responsibly for investigative journalism?

When using UGC for investigative journalism, it’s important to follow some best practices. You should verify the source, content, and context of UGC by using tools such as reverse image search, geolocation, metadata analysis, or cross-checking with other sources. Additionally, you should attribute UGC to the original creator or platform and give credit where due. It’s also important to balance UGC with other types of sources and evidence, and acknowledge the limitations and uncertainties of UGC. Finally, you should protect the safety and privacy of the people who create or appear in UGC, as well as protect the integrity and authenticity of UGC by avoiding altering or misrepresenting it.

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5 How to learn more about UGC and investigative journalism?

If you want to learn more about UGC and investigative journalism, you can check out some excellent resources and examples. The Verification Handbook is a great guide for journalists and aid workers on how to verify digital content for emergency coverage. The Ethical Journalism Network is a network of journalists and media professionals that promotes ethical standards and practices in journalism. Bellingcat is an investigative journalism website that uses open source and social media investigation to report on various topics. The UGC Hub is a project that works to improve the use of UGC in newsrooms and media organizations.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How can user-generated content improve investigative Journalism?

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1 What is investigative journalism?

2 Why is UGC important for investigative journalism?

3 What are the challenges and risks of UGC for investigative journalism?

4 How to use UGC effectively and responsibly for investigative journalism?

5 How to learn more about UGC and investigative journalism?

6 Here’s what else to consider

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