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How can structural health monitoring detect damage in wind turbines?

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Wind turbines are an important source of renewable energy, but they also face various challenges such as harsh weather conditions, mechanical fatigue, and structural damage. To ensure their optimal performance and safety, it is essential to monitor their health and detect any signs of deterioration or failure. In this article, you will learn how structural health monitoring (SHM) can help you achieve this goal and what methods and technologies are available for wind turbine damage detection.

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Dimitrios Konstantakos

1 What is SHM and why is it important for wind turbines?

SHM is the process of collecting and analyzing data from sensors and other devices that measure the physical condition and behavior of a structure. SHM can provide valuable information about the structural integrity, performance, and reliability of a structure, as well as alert you to any potential or existing problems that may affect its functionality or safety. For wind turbines, SHM can help you identify and locate damage, such as cracks, corrosion, delamination, or loosening of bolts, that can reduce the efficiency, power output, and lifespan of the turbine. SHM can also help you optimize the maintenance and repair strategies, reduce the downtime and operational costs, and prevent catastrophic failures.

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Dimitrios Konstantakos
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For a different perspective, monitoring the foundation /deep foundation performance can also provide a more comprehensive picture.

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Keyvan Jafarian
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Vibration-based methods, such as accelerometers or strain gauges, measure the vibration signals of the wind turbine components to detect changes or anomalies. Acoustic-based methods, like microphones or piezoelectric transducers, measure acoustic emissions or ultrasonic waves to detect cracks, leaks, or impacts. By this method, civil engineers can monitor the vibrations which can harm any structures.

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Aung Minn Soe

Site Engineer
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Wind turbine blades are made of fiberglass material to be cost effective, but they can be damaged by moisture absorption, fatigue, wind gusts or lightening strikes. It is important to detect the damage before the blade fails catastrophically which could destroy the entire wind turbine. In this paper, four different algorithms are tested for detecting damage on wind turbine blades. These are the transmittance function, resonant comparison, operational deflection shape, and wave propagation methods. The methods are all based on measuring the vibration response of the blade when it is excited using piezoceramic actuator patches bonded to the blade.

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Abdellah FRID

Chargée de mission Infrastructure et mobilité urbaines
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La technologie des capteurs est appropriée pour être utilisée sur les éoliennes afin de détecter assez t?t les dommages sur les pales du rotor et de réduire ainsi au minimum les conséquences économiques.

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Juan David Gaviria J.

| SST | Team leader | Esp. Estrategia | MSc. Riesgos | Proyectos | CCO | HSE-Q |
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La inciativa de preservar el dise?o original de la turbina eolica permite garantizar la eficiencia para la cual fue construida y puesta en sitio. El realizar mediciones de la salud estructural de los materiales y/o elementos que constituyen la turbina genera confiabilidad del sistema. Si este es preventivo es mucho mejor ya que las intervenciones necesarias producto de las revisiones se veran reflejadas costos y beneficios ppr disponibilidad del sistema ademas de evitar paros innesesarios por un mal proceso de mantenimiento preventivo y presictivo. Estos analisis deben ser acorde a materiales dimensiones y esfuerzos que hace la pieza en consideracion de su funcionalidad.

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2 What are the main types of damage in wind turbines?

Wind turbines are composed of several components, such as blades, tower, nacelle, gearbox, generator, and rotor, that are exposed to various loads and stresses. These can lead to three main types of damage: aerodynamic damage caused by the interaction of the wind with the blades and rotor; mechanical damage caused by the rotation and transmission of torque from the rotor to the generator; and environmental damage caused by external factors like temperature, humidity, lightning, or ice. Damage from these sources can manifest as blade cracks, tip loss, blade separation, gearbox failures, bearing defects, shaft misalignment, corrosion, delamination, or electrical faults.

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Abdellah FRID

Chargée de mission Infrastructure et mobilité urbaines
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Les cinq préjudices fréquents sont : dommage sur la bo?te de vitesse, dommage du rotor, risque de foudre, incendie et défaillance des pièces électroniques.

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3 How can SHM detect damage in wind turbines?

SHM can detect damage in wind turbines by utilizing various methods and technologies that measure parameters and indicators of the structural condition and performance. Vibration-based methods, such as accelerometers or strain gauges, measure the vibration signals of the wind turbine components to detect changes or anomalies. Acoustic-based methods, like microphones or piezoelectric transducers, measure acoustic emissions or ultrasonic waves to detect cracks, leaks, or impacts. Optical-based methods, such as cameras, lasers, or fiber-optic sensors, measure the shape, deformation, or strain of the wind turbine components to identify bending, twisting, or cracking that may affect the structural integrity or performance.

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4 What are the benefits and challenges of SHM for wind turbines?

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) can provide many benefits for wind turbine owners, operators, and engineers, such as improving reliability and availability, enhancing efficiency and power output, reducing maintenance and repair costs, and extending the lifespan of the wind turbine. However, SHM also faces some challenges and limitations. These include dealing with the complexity and variability of the wind turbine system and the wind conditions, selecting appropriate SHM methods for different components and types of damage, and integrating and managing the large amounts of data generated by SHM sensors. Finding a trade-off between performance and cost is often necessary.

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Juan David Gaviria J.

| SST | Team leader | Esp. Estrategia | MSc. Riesgos | Proyectos | CCO | HSE-Q |
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Los desafios mas importantes estan en la variabilidad y optimización de los materiales o aleaciones que se verán mejorados con el paso del tiempo. Creo que las diferentes deficultades con las que nos encontremos en la actualidad basado en los mantenimientos que hagamos a actuales turbinas. Generarán oportunidades para que desde ahi... se tengan opciones de mejora en cuanto a dise?o eficiencia y materiales.

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Nur Hotimah Yusof, Ph.D.

Senior Validation Engineer at PharmEng Technology
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Most challenging part are data acquisition system, number of sensor, sensors placement, monitoring vibration and dynamic load, method to eliminate/distinguish noise from the data, identify relevant data that capture structure behaviour and develop algorithms for accurate diagnosis and prognostics.

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5 How can you learn more about SHM for wind turbines?

SHM is a rapidly evolving and expanding field with many opportunities and applications for wind turbine engineering and management. To learn more about SHM for wind turbines, you can read the latest research papers and publications, join online or offline communities and networks of SHM experts and practitioners, or enroll in courses or programs to gain the skills and tools to apply SHM. These resources will provide you with the most up-to-date knowledge, insights, ideas, experiences, and feedback on the topic, as well as certification to use SHM in your projects or career.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Rafael Martins

Auditor TCU | Perito em Disputas Contratuais| Professor de Engenharia Legal | Escritor | Mentor
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N?o se esque?a de atentar para o controle de qualidade das dovelas e suas interfaces. Como geralmente há o emprego de elementos pre-moldados com uso de graute entre um nível e outro torna-se crucial apurar as condi??es de contorno - agressividade do ambiente, por exemplo - para n?o compromenter procedimentos de montagem

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Fulton Aldenny Zambrano Loor

Ingeniero Civil - Ecuador
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No conozco mucho sobre energías eólicas, pero este programa SHM, parece ser un sistema muy eficiente, no estoy en contra de la tecnología, pero la inspección visual es muy eficiente junto con las alertas que puede darnos este programa, sería útil para diferentes tipos de edificaciones. No se puede confiar en un programa que podría interpretar los resultados en base a algoritmos, pero si en base a experiencia de tecnicos con conocimiento y experiencia, asegurarse que este programa realice bien su trabajo

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How can structural health monitoring detect damage in wind turbines?

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4

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1 What is SHM and why is it important for wind turbines?

2 What are the main types of damage in wind turbines?

3 How can SHM detect damage in wind turbines?

4 What are the benefits and challenges of SHM for wind turbines?

5 How can you learn more about SHM for wind turbines?

6 Here’s what else to consider

Civil Engineering

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How can structural health monitoring detect damage in wind turbines?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 What is SHM and why is it important for wind turbines?

2 What are the main types of damage in wind turbines?

3 How can SHM detect damage in wind turbines?

4 What are the benefits and challenges of SHM for wind turbines?

5 How can you learn more about SHM for wind turbines?

6 Here’s what else to consider

Civil Engineering

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