How can pilots use automation as a tool rather than a crutch in complex situations?

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Automation is a powerful tool that can enhance pilots' performance, safety, and efficiency in complex situations. However, it can also create challenges and risks, such as automation bias, complacency, loss of situational awareness, and skill degradation. How can pilots use automation as a tool rather than a crutch in complex situations? In this article, we will explore some strategies and principles of crew resource management (CRM) that can help pilots avoid automation pitfalls and optimize human-machine interaction.

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1 CRM and automation

CRM is a set of skills and behaviors that enable pilots to manage the human factors and interpersonal aspects of flight operations. CRM includes communication, coordination, decision making, leadership, teamwork, and stress management. Automation is a form of technology that assists or replaces human functions in flight systems. Automation can range from simple alerts and indicators to advanced autopilots and flight management systems. CRM and automation are interrelated and interdependent, as both affect how pilots perceive, process, and act on information.

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Tom Kubik

Retired from American Airlines
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If you find yourself asking “what’s it doing now?”, it’s time to disconnect and one pilot fly the airplane while the other attempts to answer the question. Airmanship has priority over automation 100% of the time when confusion exists .

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Chris W.

Boeing 747-4/8 First Officer
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Workload management is another important aspect of CRM. Automation may not be "human-centric" and increases workload during critical phases of flight. Managing this is therefore an important aspect of piloting skill. Crews need to vary the level of automation employed, reverting from full automation to basic modes, or to manual flight. In contrast, there may be times, particularly during non-normal events, when higher levels of automation can alleviate the workload associated with the manual flying task and allow the pilot to retain or gain mental capacity required to manage the situation. The skill lies in judging the level of automation required commensurate with the task at hand, whilst remaining aware of a need to monitor and anticipate

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2 Automation benefits

Automation can provide many benefits for pilots in complex situations, such as reducing workload, enhancing accuracy, increasing reliability, improving fuel efficiency, and preventing errors. Automation can also help pilots cope with high-demand, low-frequency, or emergency scenarios, such as engine failures, weather deviations, or system malfunctions. Automation can support pilots' cognitive and physical abilities, as well as their situational awareness and decision making.

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Cem KURKCU

Lifelong Learner, Airline Pilot, Urban Air Mobility Researcher, Human Factors, Project Manager Associate, Quality Assurance Manager.
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What we cannot underestimate the support of automation is the cognitive relief during the complex operations, like high density airspace, bad weather, emergency, system failures. This cognitive relief ( extra extra gigabytes ) simply puts pilots way ahead of the airplane in order to enhance our abilities to make better plans, and execute our plans. Automation is part of the CRM, and properly using your automation is a great asset for safety and efficient operations.

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3 Automation challenges

Automation can also pose some challenges and risks for pilots in complex situations, such as automation bias, complacency, loss of situational awareness, and skill degradation. Automation bias is the tendency to rely too much on automation and ignore or disregard contradictory or conflicting information. Complacency is the loss of vigilance and attention due to overconfidence or boredom with automation. Loss of situational awareness is the inability to perceive, understand, and predict the current and future state of the flight environment. Skill degradation is the deterioration of manual and cognitive skills due to lack of practice or feedback.

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4 Automation management

To use automation as a tool rather than a crutch in complex situations, pilots need to manage automation effectively and appropriately. This means selecting the right level and mode of automation for the given situation, monitoring and verifying the automation's performance and status, intervening and overriding the automation when necessary, and maintaining manual and mental readiness to resume control. Pilots also need to communicate and coordinate with other crew members and external agents about the automation's actions and intentions, as well as their own expectations and responsibilities.

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5 Automation training

To manage automation effectively and appropriately, pilots need to receive adequate and continuous training on automation systems and their limitations, as well as on CRM skills and behaviors. Training should include both theoretical and practical components, such as classroom instruction, simulator sessions, flight tests, and recurrent courses. Training should also cover various scenarios and contingencies that may involve automation failures, malfunctions, or mismatches. Training should aim to enhance pilots' knowledge, competence, confidence, and adaptability with automation.

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6 Automation culture

To use automation as a tool rather than a crutch in complex situations, pilots need to foster a positive and proactive culture of automation within their organization and industry. This means promoting a shared vision and values of automation's role and purpose, as well as its benefits and risks. It also means encouraging a culture of learning, feedback, and improvement, where pilots can share their experiences, challenges, and best practices with automation. It also means supporting a culture of safety, accountability, and professionalism, where pilots can report and learn from automation-related incidents and errors.

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Alex Runyan

Organizational Development at Defense Innovation Unit (DIU)
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One of the biggest takeaways from my time in Marine Corps Aviation is the power of ‘True Confessions.’ When pilots would gather in the ready room for all hands meetings, we made a point to give the floor to someone to share a true confession, a non-retribution share that was typically an unforced human error that could have went south, and maybe did. The most important part is there was a lesson to learn that was probably not in the book, and this is how best practices are born and reinforced. The culture in an organization must be one that encourages this type of interaction as we evolve to partner with machines through selective automation.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How can pilots use automation as a tool rather than a crutch in complex situations?

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1 CRM and automation

2 Automation benefits

3 Automation challenges

4 Automation management

5 Automation training

6 Automation culture

7 Here’s what else to consider

Crew Resource Management

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