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What techniques can you use to identify and challenge dominant discourse in academic writing?

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Academic writing is often influenced by dominant discourse, which is the set of assumptions, values, and norms that shape how knowledge is produced and communicated in a given field or discipline. Dominant discourse can reflect the interests and perspectives of powerful groups, while marginalizing or excluding those of less privileged ones. However, you can use techniques from critical discourse analysis (CDA) to identify and challenge dominant discourse in academic writing. CDA is an interdisciplinary approach that examines how language constructs and reproduces social reality, power relations, and ideologies. In this article, you will learn four techniques that can help you apply CDA to your own or others' academic texts.

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Adam Widawski

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1 Identify the genre

The first technique is to identify the genre of the academic text you are analyzing or writing. Genre is the conventional way of organizing and presenting information in a specific context and purpose. For example, a research paper, a literature review, and a book review are different genres of academic writing, with different expectations, structures, and features. By identifying the genre, you can understand the norms and conventions that shape the text, and how they relate to the dominant discourse of the field or discipline. You can also question whether the genre is appropriate, effective, or inclusive for the intended audience and message.

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Adam Widawski

Director of Logos Training Lab | Applied Philosophy for VUCA Leadership & Communication | AI Existential Risk: Algorithmic Conditioning of Humans | Warm Data Advocate | Athlete
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Check if the terms used are not ideologically loaded and examine the metaphysical presuppositions of such language in contrast to the framing by other ideologies. This allows for expanding the context of the text trans-ideologically, and therefore expands the scope of interpretive meanings, leading to a more wholistic understanding of what is communicated.

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2 Analyze the content

The second technique is to analyze the content of the academic text, which includes the topics, themes, arguments, evidence, and sources that are presented or omitted. By analyzing the content, you can identify the main claims and assumptions that the text makes, and how they support or challenge the dominant discourse. You can also evaluate the quality and relevance of the evidence and sources that are used, and how they reflect the epistemological and methodological standards of the field or discipline. You can also look for gaps, contradictions, or silences in the content, and how they affect the validity and credibility of the text.

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3 Examine the language

The third technique is to examine the language of the academic text, which includes the words, phrases, sentences, and discursive strategies that are used or avoided. By examining the language, you can uncover the implicit or explicit meanings and values that the text conveys, and how they reinforce or challenge the dominant discourse. You can also analyze the tone, style, and register of the text, and how they influence the relationship between the writer and the reader. You can also pay attention to the use of pronouns, modals, hedging, nominalization, and other linguistic features that indicate the stance, authority, and positionality of the writer.

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4 Evaluate the effects

The fourth technique is to evaluate the effects of the academic text, which includes the impacts, implications, and consequences that the text has or intends to have on the readers, the field or discipline, and the society. By evaluating the effects, you can assess the purpose and significance of the text, and how it contributes to or challenges the dominant discourse. You can also consider the potential benefits or harms that the text may bring to different groups or stakeholders, and how it addresses or ignores ethical, social, or political issues. You can also reflect on your own role and responsibility as a writer or a reader of the text, and how you can engage with or resist the dominant discourse.

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What techniques can you use to identify and challenge dominant discourse in academic writing?

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1 Identify the genre

2 Analyze the content

3 Examine the language

4 Evaluate the effects

5 Here’s what else to consider

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