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What are some ways to simplify application development using functional programming?

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Functional programming is a programming paradigm that emphasizes the use of pure functions, immutable data, and declarative style. It can help simplify application development by reducing complexity, improving readability, and facilitating testing and debugging. In this article, we will explore some ways to apply functional programming principles and techniques to create better applications.

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Ikbal Kaya

Software Engineer

1 Use pure functions

A pure function is a function that always returns the same output given the same input, and does not have any side effects, such as modifying global state, performing I/O, or throwing exceptions. Pure functions make code easier to understand, reason about, and test, since they are independent of the context and the environment. To use pure functions, you should avoid mutating data, relying on external variables, or performing any actions that are not related to the function's purpose. For example, instead of using a loop to update an array, you can use a map function to create a new array with the desired transformation.

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Ikbal Kaya

Software Engineer
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With pure functions, since the state isn't modified and all access happens inside a predefined scope you can be more confident with your code. Immutability also simplify multithreaded access since there is no risk of one thread using an outdated state that might have been modified by another.

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2 Use immutable data

Immutable data is data that cannot be changed once it is created. Immutable data prevents unintended mutations, conflicts, and bugs that can arise from shared or concurrent state. It also enables functional programming features such as lazy evaluation, memoization, and recursion. To use immutable data, you should avoid using variables that can be reassigned, and use const or let instead of var in JavaScript. You should also use data structures that support immutability, such as arrays, strings, and objects, and avoid methods that modify them in place, such as push, pop, or splice. Instead, you can use methods that return a new copy of the data, such as concat, slice, or spread operator.

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Ikbal Kaya

Software Engineer
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Systems get more complex and there is a huge amount and diversity of data that flows through interconnected wheels. It's not easy to maintain the reliability of processing and consistency of state in program if it allows state manipulation. It requires locks, explicit synchronization and many proactive steps to ensure the correctness. However if you use immutable data, it means that it's impossible to mutate the state where it may be needed elsewhere. The data simply will be transformed into the desired state without the concern that other parts are effected.

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3 Use declarative style

A declarative style is a style of programming that focuses on what you want to achieve, rather than how you want to achieve it. It abstracts away the details of the implementation, and lets you express your logic in a clear and concise way. To use declarative style, you should avoid using imperative constructs such as loops, if-else statements, or break and continue. Instead, you can use higher-order functions, such as map, filter, reduce, or forEach, that take functions as arguments and apply them to collections of data. You can also use ternary operators, logical operators, or switch statements to handle conditional logic. For example, instead of using a loop to filter an array of numbers, you can use a filter function to create a new array with only the even numbers.

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4 Use functional composition

Functional composition is a technique that allows you to combine multiple functions into a single function, by passing the output of one function as the input of another function. Functional composition can help simplify application development by reducing the number of intermediate variables, improving code readability, and enhancing modularity and reusability. To use functional composition, you should write small and simple functions that perform a single task, and use functions or operators that enable composition, such as pipe, compose, or dot operator. For example, instead of writing a long function to calculate the average of an array of numbers, you can write three smaller functions to sum, divide, and round the numbers, and then compose them into a single function.

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5 Use functional testing

Functional testing is a type of testing that verifies that the application meets the requirements and expectations of the users, by testing the functionality and behavior of the application, rather than the implementation details. Functional testing can help simplify application development by ensuring the quality, reliability, and usability of the application, and by detecting and preventing errors and bugs early in the development process. To use functional testing, you should define the test cases based on the user stories, scenarios, and acceptance criteria, and use tools or frameworks that support functional testing, such as Mocha, Jest, or Cypress. You should also use techniques such as mocking, stubbing, or spying to isolate and control the dependencies and interactions of the application.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What are some ways to simplify application development using functional programming?

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1 Use pure functions

2 Use immutable data

3 Use declarative style

4 Use functional composition

5 Use functional testing

6 Here’s what else to consider

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