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What are the most reliable and valid methods for environmental engineering research?

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Environmental engineering is a multidisciplinary field that applies engineering principles to solve environmental problems and promote sustainability. As an environmental engineer, you need to conduct reliable and valid research to support your projects, proposals, and decisions. But how do you choose the best methods for your research questions and objectives? In this article, we will discuss some of the most common and effective methods for environmental engineering research, and how to use them properly.

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1 Literature review

A literature review is a systematic and critical analysis of the existing knowledge and evidence on a specific topic or problem. It helps you to identify the gaps, trends, challenges, and opportunities in the field, and to justify your research purpose and scope. To conduct a literature review, you need to define your research question, search for relevant sources, evaluate their quality and relevance, synthesize and summarize the findings, and report the results.

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2 Experimental design

An experimental design is a method that allows you to test a hypothesis or a causal relationship between variables by manipulating one or more factors and observing the effects on the outcome. It helps you to establish causality, control confounding variables, and measure the magnitude and significance of the effects. To conduct an experimental design, you need to define your research question, hypothesis, and variables, select your experimental units and treatments, randomize and assign the treatments, collect and analyze the data, and report the results.

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Imad Khatib

Executive VP of AQU-Jerusalem Campus at Al-Quds University Professor of fluid dynamics and energy engineering
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It all depends on the environmental elements under studies. Usually measuring the quality and continuous monitoring is on of the reliable methods. This could also be coupled with specific validated mathematical models.

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3 Simulation modeling

A simulation model is a mathematical representation of a real or hypothetical system or process that mimics its behavior and dynamics under different scenarios and conditions. It helps you to explore complex phenomena, test alternative solutions, and evaluate the impacts and uncertainties of your decisions. To conduct a simulation modeling, you need to define your research question, objectives, and assumptions, select your modeling approach and tools, build and validate your model, run and analyze the simulations, and report the results.

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4 Survey research

A survey research is a method that allows you to collect quantitative or qualitative data from a sample of people or entities using standardized instruments such as questionnaires or interviews. It helps you to describe the characteristics, opinions, preferences, or behaviors of a population, and to examine the relationships between variables. To conduct a survey research, you need to define your research question, objectives, and population, design and test your instruments, select your sampling method and size, collect and analyze the data, and report the results.

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5 Case study research

A case study research is a method that allows you to investigate a specific phenomenon or problem in depth and in its real-life context using multiple sources of evidence such as documents, observations, interviews, or artifacts. It helps you to explore the nature, causes, and consequences of a phenomenon or problem, and to generate or test hypotheses or theories. To conduct a case study research, you need to define your research question, objectives, and case, select your case study design and methods, collect and analyze the data, and report the results.

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Lina M. Barrios

Entrepreneur/Research Fellow at University of Plymouth
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In my experience, a case study research is one of the most reliable methods because it includes in its development part of the previos ones. Once you define your question and objectives you will need a literature review (1) to link previos information to your question, methods used, and potential gaps. You will also need a design (2) to test your question and collect quantitative/qualitative data (similar to point 4) to identify the main characteristics of your case study. Most importantly, based on your results, and the answers to your particular research question and objectives, you will be able to simulate parallel or future scenarios (3). For this reason, a case study is widely used as a first step for large (global) studies.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What are the most reliable and valid methods for environmental engineering research?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 Literature review

2 Experimental design

3 Simulation modeling

4 Survey research

5 Case study research

6 Here’s what else to consider

Environmental Engineering

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What are the most reliable and valid methods for environmental engineering research?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 Literature review

2 Experimental design

3 Simulation modeling

4 Survey research

5 Case study research

6 Here’s what else to consider

Environmental Engineering

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