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What are the most innovative GIS applications for environmental risk assessment?

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Environmental risk assessment is the process of identifying, analyzing, and evaluating the potential impacts of natural or human-induced hazards on the environment and human health. Geographic information systems (GIS) are powerful tools that can help environmental engineers and managers to perform this task more efficiently and effectively. GIS can integrate, manipulate, and visualize various types of spatial and temporal data, such as land use, climate, population, pollution, and vulnerability. In this article, we will explore some of the most innovative GIS applications for environmental risk assessment, and how they can support decision-making and planning for a more resilient and sustainable future.

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David Fotheringham

Associate Director (Mobile Data Lead | Geospatial, Digital Environment) at AECOM

1 Spatial multicriteria analysis

One of the challenges of environmental risk assessment is to balance multiple and often conflicting criteria, such as environmental, social, economic, and technical factors. Spatial multicriteria analysis (SMCA) is a GIS-based technique that can help to overcome this challenge by combining different sources of information, such as expert opinions, stakeholder preferences, and scientific data, into a single spatial framework. SMCA can help to rank and compare alternative scenarios, identify trade-offs and synergies, and communicate the results in a clear and interactive way. For example, SMCA can be used to assess the suitability of different locations for renewable energy projects, waste management facilities, or conservation areas, taking into account the environmental impacts, costs, benefits, and risks of each option.

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David Fotheringham

Associate Director (Mobile Data Lead | Geospatial, Digital Environment) at AECOM
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SMCA is essential to understand the complexities of our world. Simply by undertaking a SMCA exercise it encourages different disciplines to talk and quickly identifies holes in the initial analysis either as missing datasets or a lack of understanding of how a specific dataset influences others. We've used SMCA across a range of projects with the outputs providing an excellent way to clearly show the decision making process backed by data.

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2 Remote sensing and machine learning

Another challenge of environmental risk assessment is to obtain accurate and timely data on the current and future state of the environment and the hazards that threaten it. Remote sensing and machine learning are two GIS-related technologies that can help to address this challenge by providing high-resolution and up-to-date information on various environmental parameters, such as land cover, vegetation, soil, water, air quality, and climate change. Remote sensing refers to the use of satellites, drones, or aircraft to collect images or signals from the earth's surface or atmosphere. Machine learning refers to the use of algorithms or models to process and analyze large and complex datasets, such as remote sensing images, and extract meaningful patterns or insights. For example, remote sensing and machine learning can be used to detect and monitor land degradation, deforestation, urban sprawl, flooding, drought, wildfire, or coastal erosion, and to predict their future trends and impacts.

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3 Web mapping and citizen science

A third challenge of environmental risk assessment is to engage and empower the public and the stakeholders in the process and the outcomes. Web mapping and citizen science are two GIS-related approaches that can help to address this challenge by providing accessible and interactive platforms for data collection, dissemination, and participation. Web mapping refers to the use of online maps or applications that can display, edit, or share spatial data on the web. Citizen science refers to the involvement of non-professional volunteers in scientific research or monitoring activities, such as collecting, reporting, or validating data. For example, web mapping and citizen science can be used to create crowdsourced maps of environmental hazards, such as air pollution, noise, or radiation, or to collect feedback and opinions from the public on environmental issues, policies, or actions.

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4 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What are the most innovative GIS applications for environmental risk assessment?

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4

1 Spatial multicriteria analysis

2 Remote sensing and machine learning

3 Web mapping and citizen science

4 Here’s what else to consider

Environmental Engineering

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What are the most innovative GIS applications for environmental risk assessment?

1

2

3

4

1 Spatial multicriteria analysis

2 Remote sensing and machine learning

3 Web mapping and citizen science

4 Here’s what else to consider

Environmental Engineering

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