What are the most effective techniques for penetration testing databases?

2 SQL injection

SQL injection is one of the most common and dangerous techniques for penetration testing databases. It involves injecting malicious SQL code into a web application that interacts with a database, such as a login form, a search box, or a comment field. The SQL code can then manipulate the database to perform unauthorized actions, such as reading, modifying, deleting, or creating data, or even executing commands on the underlying system. SQL injection can be performed manually or with automated tools, such as sqlmap, sqlninja, or Havij. SQL injection can expose sensitive data, damage the integrity of the database, or compromise the entire system.

3 Password cracking

Password cracking is another technique for penetration testing databases that aims to bypass the authentication mechanisms and gain access to the database. Password cracking can be done by brute force, dictionary, or hybrid methods, depending on the complexity and strength of the passwords. You can use tools such as John the Ripper, Hashcat, or Hydra to crack passwords from hashes, files, or network protocols. Password cracking can reveal the credentials of database users, administrators, or service accounts, and allow you to escalate your privileges and access more data.

4 Data exfiltration

Data exfiltration is the technique of extracting data from a database and transferring it to another location, such as a remote server, a cloud storage, or a local device. Data exfiltration can be done for various purposes, such as stealing confidential information, performing analysis, or creating backups. Data exfiltration can be done by using SQL commands, scripts, tools, or protocols, depending on the type and size of the data and the network conditions. Data exfiltration can pose a serious threat to the privacy and security of the data owners and users, and can violate legal and ethical standards.

5 Database hardening

Database hardening is the technique of improving the security and resilience of a database against penetration testing and cyberattacks. Database hardening can involve various measures, such as updating the database software, applying patches, configuring firewall rules, encrypting data, enforcing strong passwords, limiting user privileges, auditing logs, and implementing backup and recovery plans. Database hardening can help you prevent, detect, and respond to potential threats, and protect your data from unauthorized access, modification, or loss.