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What are the most common R&D innovation models used in healthcare?

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Research and development (R&D) is a vital process for creating new products, services, and solutions that can improve health outcomes, reduce costs, and enhance customer satisfaction. However, R&D is also complex, risky, and resource-intensive, requiring careful planning and execution. In this article, we will explore some of the most common R&D innovation models used in healthcare, and how they can help you achieve your innovation goals.

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Eduardo Reolon

Manufacturing Science & Technology MSAT Manager, Virbac UY
Dr. Sathesh Kumar Annamalai

Global ???????????????????? ?????????????? & Quality Assurance Specialist | Medical Devices, IVD| Expertise in USFDA…

1 Linear model

The linear model is one of the oldest and simplest R&D innovation models, based on the assumption that innovation follows a sequential and predictable path from basic research to applied research, development, and commercialization. The linear model is often used for scientific and technological breakthroughs that require extensive and rigorous testing and validation before they can be introduced to the market. The linear model has the advantage of clarity and focus, but it also has some limitations, such as being inflexible, slow, and disconnected from customer needs and feedback.

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Dr. Sathesh Kumar Annamalai

Global ???????????????????? ?????????????? & Quality Assurance Specialist | Medical Devices, IVD| Expertise in USFDA, EU MDR, IVDR,TGA & ROW | SaMD | Biocompatibility | Medical Writing |ISO 13485 & QMSR |IVD V&V |
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Pfizer is an example of a company that uses the linear model for drug discovery and development. Pfizer has a large in-house R&D team that works on a pipeline of drugs from early discovery to late-stage clinical trials and regulatory approval.

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2 Stage-gate model

The stage-gate model is a more flexible and iterative R&D innovation model, based on the idea that innovation is a series of stages that are separated by gates or checkpoints. The stages are defined by the activities and deliverables that need to be completed, such as idea generation, feasibility analysis, prototyping, testing, and launch. The gates are defined by the criteria and decision-makers that determine whether the project can proceed to the next stage, such as market potential, technical feasibility, strategic fit, and financial viability. The stage-gate model is often used for incremental and market-driven innovations that require frequent evaluation and adaptation to changing customer demands and competitive pressures. The stage-gate model has the advantage of being more responsive and efficient, but it also has some challenges, such as being complex, costly, and dependent on effective communication and collaboration.

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Eduardo Reolon

Manufacturing Science & Technology MSAT Manager, Virbac UY
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Es un excelente modelo, lo aplicamos desde hace 10 a?os y se adapta muy bien para el desarrollo de farmacos y biológicos. La estructura de gates es la herramienta que evita el riesgos de avanzar el proyecto en etapas de alto costo ej. Clínicas, sin las validaciones y consignas previas alcanzadas.

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Dr. Sathesh Kumar Annamalai

Global ???????????????????? ?????????????? & Quality Assurance Specialist | Medical Devices, IVD| Expertise in USFDA, EU MDR, IVDR,TGA & ROW | SaMD | Biocompatibility | Medical Writing |ISO 13485 & QMSR |IVD V&V |
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This model is a more sophisticated version of the linear model, and it divides the innovation process into a series of stages, each with its own specific goals and deliverables. The stage-gate model is often used for more complex and risky innovations, such as developing new drugs or medical devices. Johnson & Johnson is an example of a company that uses the stage-gate model for R&D. J&J has a number of different R&D units, each of which focuses on a specific therapeutic area. Each R&D unit has its own stage-gate process for developing new drugs and medical devices.

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3 Spiral model

The spiral model is an even more flexible and adaptive R&D innovation model, based on the concept of learning cycles that combine planning, prototyping, testing, and feedback. The spiral model is similar to the stage-gate model, but instead of having fixed and linear stages and gates, it has dynamic and circular loops that can be repeated and refined as needed. The spiral model is often used for radical and uncertain innovations that require rapid experimentation and learning from failures and successes. The spiral model has the advantage of being more creative and resilient, but it also has some risks, such as being chaotic, unpredictable, and prone to scope creep.

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Dr. Sathesh Kumar Annamalai

Global ???????????????????? ?????????????? & Quality Assurance Specialist | Medical Devices, IVD| Expertise in USFDA, EU MDR, IVDR,TGA & ROW | SaMD | Biocompatibility | Medical Writing |ISO 13485 & QMSR |IVD V&V |
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Verily is an example of a company that uses the spiral model for R&D. Verily is a life sciences research and development company that is owned by Alphabet, Google's parent company. Verily works on a variety of healthcare innovations, including new drugs, medical devices, and software. Verily uses the spiral model to rapidly experiment with new ideas and learn from failures and successes.

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4 Open innovation model

The open innovation model is a collaborative and networked R&D innovation model, based on the principle of leveraging external sources of knowledge, ideas, and resources to complement internal capabilities. The open innovation model can take various forms, such as co-creation with customers, partners, or suppliers, crowdsourcing from online communities or platforms, or licensing or acquiring technologies or innovations from other organizations. The open innovation model is often used for complex and interdisciplinary innovations that require diverse and complementary skills and perspectives. The open innovation model has the advantage of being more innovative and scalable, but it also has some trade-offs, such as being less controllable, more competitive, and more challenging to protect intellectual property.

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Dr. Sathesh Kumar Annamalai

Global ???????????????????? ?????????????? & Quality Assurance Specialist | Medical Devices, IVD| Expertise in USFDA, EU MDR, IVDR,TGA & ROW | SaMD | Biocompatibility | Medical Writing |ISO 13485 & QMSR |IVD V&V |
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AstraZeneca is an example of a company that uses the open innovation model for R&D. AstraZeneca has a number of different partnerships with universities, startups, and other businesses to develop new drugs and medical devices. AstraZeneca also has a number of programs to encourage employees to submit new ideas.

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5 Lean startup model

The lean startup model is a customer-centric and data-driven R&D innovation model, based on the methodology of building, measuring, and learning from minimal viable products (MVPs) that test key assumptions and hypotheses. The lean startup model is similar to the spiral model, but instead of focusing on technical feasibility and functionality, it focuses on customer value and desirability. The lean startup model is often used for disruptive and emerging innovations that require validating and discovering customer problems and solutions. The lean startup model has the advantage of being more customer-oriented and evidence-based, but it also has some drawbacks, such as being more risky, ambiguous, and demanding of customer involvement.

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Dr. Sathesh Kumar Annamalai

Global ???????????????????? ?????????????? & Quality Assurance Specialist | Medical Devices, IVD| Expertise in USFDA, EU MDR, IVDR,TGA & ROW | SaMD | Biocompatibility | Medical Writing |ISO 13485 & QMSR |IVD V&V |
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Omada Health is an example of a company that uses the lean startup model for R&D. Omada Health is a digital health company that develops and delivers programs to help people manage chronic diseases. Omada Health uses the lean startup model to rapidly develop and test new programs with real patients.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Claire Smith

Change Maker | Rebellious Creativity & Imagination Expert | Mastermind Facilitator | Empowering Women in Business & 2025 Australian of the Year, Local Hero for QLD
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I would just like to say this: R&D by its very nature is a fluid, ever changing pursuit. To be eligible for the RDTI, one must be creating new knowledge and an outcome could not possibly be known in advance by competent person in the field. Why is it that we try and ‘box’ how people carry out their R&D and label it ‘models’? What is important is understanding that however you are carrying out your R&D, and if you want to claim the RDTI, make sure your experiments follow the scientific principal, keep clear and concise working notes, be able to substantiate your research, clearly define your hypotheses and make sure you fully understand how to complete the application whilst remaining compliant. Don’t worry about which model it is ??

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What are the most common R&D innovation models used in healthcare?

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1 Linear model

2 Stage-gate model

3 Spiral model

4 Open innovation model

5 Lean startup model

6 Here’s what else to consider

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