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What distinguishes a hash function from an encryption algorithm?

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If you work in telecommunications engineering, you probably deal with data security and encryption techniques on a regular basis. But do you know the difference between a hash function and an encryption algorithm? These are two common methods of transforming data to protect its confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity. However, they have distinct features and purposes that you should understand.

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Miguel Hernández Benito

OT Cyber Security | MSc IoT | AWS SAA-C02
Ghyas Alam

Commercial Manager Airlift Systems (Royal Australian Airforce)

1 Hash function basics

A hash function is a mathematical function that takes any input data and produces a fixed-length output, called a hash or a digest. The hash function is designed to be one-way, meaning that it is easy to compute the hash from the input, but very hard to find the input from the hash. A good hash function also has the property of collision resistance, meaning that it is unlikely that two different inputs will produce the same hash.

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Miguel Hernández Benito

OT Cyber Security | MSc IoT | AWS SAA-C02
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Ambas funciones son una función matemática. La principal diferencia es que la función hash está dise?ada para no ser recuperable el valor original y suelen usarse para garantizar que un dato no ha variado. No obstante, existe una mínima probabilidad de error que es cuando para dos entradas de datos diferentes la función produce el mismo resultado. En estos casos, se podría suponer por error que ambas entradas son las mismas. Un ejemplo típico es su uso para el almacenamiento de contrase?as. Sin embargo, las funciones de cifrado suelen usarse para encriptar los datos en una comunicación con el objetivo de mantener la confidencialidad de los mismos. La diferencia es que aquí sí es recuperable el valor inicial en base al texto encriptado.

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Omogbai Martins

Incident Management Specialist || Telecommunications Generalist || Engineering Professional || Fiber Optics Specialist || Research and Technical Writing Consultant || RF Optimization (Planning) Engineer
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? Hash functions transform data irreversibly into fixed-size hash values, while encryption algorithms are often reversible, allowing decryption to retrieve the original data. ? Hash functions verify data integrity and facilitate quick retrieval, whereas encryption algorithms secure data by converting it into ciphertext that can be decrypted using a key. ? Hash functions operate without keys and uniformly on input data, while encryption algorithms use keys for both encryption and decryption, enhancing security for sensitive information.

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Omogbai Martins

Incident Management Specialist || Telecommunications Generalist || Engineering Professional || Fiber Optics Specialist || Research and Technical Writing Consultant || RF Optimization (Planning) Engineer
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? Hash functions are one-way and non-reversible, transforming input data into a fixed-size hash value, making it practically impossible to reverse. Encryption algorithms, however, are reversible with the correct decryption key. ? Hash functions find applications in data integrity verification, password hashing, and digital signatures. In contrast, encryption algorithms are primarily employed for securing sensitive data during transmission or storage, ensuring confidentiality. ? Hash functions do not involve keys; the same input always produces the same hash value. In encryption, a key is essential for both the encryption and decryption processes, adding an element of secrecy to the transformation.

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Manuel Fernando Arévalo Navarro

Desarrollador FrontEnd
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Al traducir la palabra “hash” significa “cortar”. Teniendo en cuenta esto, al referirnos a la función hash “corta” los datos y les da una longitud uniforme, sin tener en cuenta o importar el valor inicial. Esta función también recibe el nombre de función de resumen y se utiliza en muchas áreas de las telecomunicaciones, como las siguientes: ?La comunicación cifrada entre el servidor web y el navegador ?También en la generación de identificadores de sesión para App y el almacenamiento intermedio de datos (caché) ?La protección de datos confidenciales, como contrase?as, análisis web o formas de pago electrónicas ?Entre otras…

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2 Encryption algorithm basics

An encryption algorithm is a mathematical function that takes an input data and a secret key and produces an output data, called a ciphertext. The encryption algorithm is designed to be reversible, meaning that it is possible to recover the input data from the ciphertext using the same or a different secret key. A good encryption algorithm also has the property of confidentiality, meaning that it is hard to decrypt the ciphertext without the key.

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Ghyas Alam

Commercial Manager Airlift Systems (Royal Australian Airforce)
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Think of a hash function like a magic blender. You toss in any type of data (like a document or password), and it turns it into a unique mix (hash) of letters and numbers. You can't get back the original data from the hash—it's a one-way street. It's handy for checking if data has changed without knowing what the data is. Now, imagine you have a secret language that only you and your friend understand. Encryption is like translating your messages into this secret language before sending them. Your friend can translate it back because you both know the secret. It keeps your messages safe from others who don't know the secret language. Unlike the hash, this translation is reversible.

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Anibal MASSARIOL

Servicios Eléctricos y Tecnologías (Automatización, Robótica, Microondas)
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Both hash functions and encryption algorithms involve processing data to produce a specific output, while their purposes, reversibility, key usage, output size, and security goals differ significantly. Hash functions are focused on integrity and are one-way, while encryption algorithms are designed to ensure confidentiality and are reversible using the appropriate keys

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3 Main differences

The main differences between a hash function and an encryption algorithm can be summarized as follows: a hash function does not require a key, is irreversible, produces a fixed-length output, and is used to verify data integrity and authenticity. On the other hand, an encryption algorithm requires a key, is reversible, produces a variable-length output, and is used to protect data confidentiality.

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4 Examples of hash functions

Hash functions are widely used in telecommunications engineering, such as MD5 (a 128-bit hash function that is no longer secure due to collision attacks) and SHA-1 (a 160-bit hash function that is also vulnerable to collision attacks). SHA-2 is a family of hash functions that include SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 and are considered secure and widely adopted. SHA-3 is another family of hash functions that include SHA3-224, SHA3-256, SHA3-384, and SHA3-512, as well as extendable-output functions like SHAKE128 and SHAKE256. These hash functions have a different design than SHA-2 and provide more security and flexibility.

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Paula B.

Solutions Architect @ Amazon Web Services (AWS) | Telecommunication Engineer
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MD5 se considera obsoleta por su debilidad ante ataques de fuerza bruta (se requieren 2^64 esfuerzos) y ante ataques de colisión porque puede haber dos entradas diferentes que generen el mismo hash. SHA-1 tiene mayor fuerza ante ataques de fuerza bruta (se requieren 2^80 esfuerzos), pero actualmente por seguridad se recomienda utilizar la familia de SHA-2 en adelante.

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5 Examples of encryption algorithms

Telecommunications engineering often relies on encryption algorithms, such as AES, RSA, DES, and ECC. AES is a symmetric-key encryption algorithm that uses the same key for encryption and decryption and supports 128-bit, 192-bit, and 256-bit keys. RSA is an asymmetric-key encryption algorithm that uses a pair of keys, one public and one private, for encryption and decryption. DES is a symmetric-key encryption algorithm that uses a 56-bit key for encryption and decryption, but it is no longer considered secure due to brute-force attacks. Lastly, ECC is an asymmetric-key encryption algorithm that uses elliptic curve cryptography and offers higher security and lower computational cost than RSA.

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6 How to use them together

Hash functions and encryption algorithms can be used together to achieve different security goals in telecommunications engineering. For example, you can use a hash function to generate a message authentication code (MAC) or a digital signature, which can prove that a message has not been tampered with and that it comes from a legitimate sender. You can also use an encryption algorithm to encrypt the message or the hash, which can prevent unauthorized access to the message content or the hash value. You can also use a hash function to derive a key from a password or a passphrase, which can be used to encrypt or decrypt data with an encryption algorithm.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What distinguishes a hash function from an encryption algorithm?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 Hash function basics

2 Encryption algorithm basics

3 Main differences

4 Examples of hash functions

5 Examples of encryption algorithms

6 How to use them together

7 Here’s what else to consider

Telecommunications Engineering

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What distinguishes a hash function from an encryption algorithm?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 Hash function basics

2 Encryption algorithm basics

3 Main differences

4 Examples of hash functions

5 Examples of encryption algorithms

6 How to use them together

7 Here’s what else to consider

Telecommunications Engineering

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