What is the Circuit Breaker pattern and how can you use it in your application architecture?

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Have you ever faced a situation where your application depends on a remote service or a third-party API that is slow, unreliable, or unavailable? How do you prevent your application from crashing or hanging when the service fails? How do you handle the errors and retries gracefully? How do you avoid overwhelming the service when it recovers? These are some of the questions that the Circuit Breaker pattern can help you answer.

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1 What is the Circuit Breaker pattern?

The Circuit Breaker pattern is a design pattern that improves the resilience and fault tolerance of your application by monitoring the communication between your application and a remote service. The pattern acts as a proxy or a wrapper around the service call, and it can detect failures and switch to different states based on predefined rules. The main idea is to mimic the behavior of a real circuit breaker, which can open, close, or be half-open depending on the current and voltage.

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Ayan Bhattacharya

Cloud ,Enterprise, Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, DevSecFinOps -Amadeus Labs
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You should consider the following points when deciding how to implement this pattern 1.Exception Handling. 2. Types of Exception 3.Logging 4.Recoverability 5.Testing Failed Operations. 6.Manual Override Use this pattern: To prevent an application from trying to invoke a remote service or access a shared resource if this operation is highly likely to fail. This pattern isn't recommended: For handling access to local private resources in an application, such as in-memory data structure. In this environment, using a circuit breaker would add overhead to your system. As a substitute for handling exceptions in the business logic of your applications.

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Suvoraj Biswas

Architect-AI/ML, Analytics, Enterprise Architecture | AWS Community Builders - Generative AI & ML| Author (Enterprise Generative AI Well Architected Framework & Patterns)
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Circuit Breaker pattern is a popular technique being used in the Microservice development where the microservice needs to communicate to an external service or system or API and in case the external system is not available, the circuit breaker pattern helps the microservice to share a predefined error response to the users, at the same time it retries to access the remote services to see if this is available or not and if this becomes available the communication flow re-established. Let's say a order processing service needs to invoke an invoice service to generate invoice for users. In case the invoice service is down then order processing service can share some predefined response to the user / caller.

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Leonid Rosenboim

Any opinions here are mine, not representing current, former or future employers.
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An electric circuit breaker is never ever half-open. Adding software layers rarely if ever makes a system more reliable. On the contrary, adding lines of code (regardless what fuzzy feely name it’s got) will increase the probability of bugs, and hence increase the probability of failure. I have seen times and again attempts to work around software quality issues by adding some layer, but it almost never brung the desired result. The right thing to do is reduce the badly written code to a comprehensive specification, and after validating said specifications for actual requirements, implement it with new clean-room code, using better standards and improved process to avoid repeat of past mistakes.

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2 Why use the Circuit Breaker pattern?

The Circuit Breaker pattern can help you avoid cascading failures, reduce the impact of latency, and enable fast recovery. For example, if your application calls a service that is slow or down, the circuit breaker can open and stop sending requests to the service, thus saving resources and preventing timeouts. Instead, the circuit breaker can return a fallback response, such as a cached value, a default value, or an error message. This way, your application can continue to function without waiting for the service to respond. Additionally, the circuit breaker can periodically check the service status and switch to a half-open state, where it can send a limited number of requests to test the service availability. If the service responds successfully, the circuit breaker can close and resume normal operation. If the service fails again, the circuit breaker can open and repeat the process.

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Suvoraj Biswas

Architect-AI/ML, Analytics, Enterprise Architecture | AWS Community Builders - Generative AI & ML| Author (Enterprise Generative AI Well Architected Framework & Patterns)
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1. It helps minimize the resource usage. Consider microservice B is down in EC2 server. Due to circuit breaker pattern, microservice A wouldn't keep invoking microservice B as it is down and thus balancing the resource utlization. 2. Keep the users happy as they don't see bad error message and can retry

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3 How to implement the Circuit Breaker pattern?

The Circuit Breaker pattern can be implemented in various ways depending on the programming language, framework, and requirements. In general, it involves a circuit breaker object with a method to invoke the service call, a state machine to track the current state of the circuit breaker, a failure counter to record consecutive failures when the circuit breaker is closed, a timeout value to determine how long the circuit breaker should wait before switching to a half-open state when it is open, a success counter to record consecutive successes when the circuit breaker is half-open, a threshold value to determine how many failures or successes are needed to trigger a state change, and a fallback mechanism to provide an alternative response when the circuit breaker is open or the service call fails.

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Suvoraj Biswas

Architect-AI/ML, Analytics, Enterprise Architecture | AWS Community Builders - Generative AI & ML| Author (Enterprise Generative AI Well Architected Framework & Patterns)
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Java: Popular microservice frameworks like SprintBoot or Vert.X or Micronaut support circuit breaker with few declarative lines of code. NodeJs: most popular circuit breaker module is Opossum

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4 What are some examples of the Circuit Breaker pattern?

The Circuit Breaker pattern is a widely-used approach in distributed systems and microservices architectures, where applications depend on multiple external services that can be unpredictable or unreliable. Examples of frameworks and libraries that implement the pattern include Hystrix, a Java library developed by Netflix to handle millions of requests per day; Polly, a .NET library with a fluent and expressive syntax for defining policies; Resilience4j, a Java library inspired by Hystrix but designed for Java 8 and functional programming; and Istio, a service mesh that offers circuit breakers, timeouts, retries, fault injection, and other traffic management features.

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5 What are some best practices for using the Circuit Breaker pattern?

The Circuit Breaker pattern can be a powerful tool for improving the reliability and performance of your application, but it requires careful configuration and testing. When using the pattern, it's important to consider best practices such as choosing the appropriate parameters for your circuit breaker, based on the expected behavior and SLA of the service, as well as the impact of failures on your application. You should also implement a fallback strategy that can provide a meaningful response to your users when the circuit breaker is open or the service call fails. Additionally, it's important to monitor and log the state and events of your circuit breaker, as this can help identify and troubleshoot issues. Finally, you should test your circuit breaker under different scenarios using tools such as chaos engineering or fault injection to simulate failures and measure the impact on your application.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What is the Circuit Breaker pattern and how can you use it in your application architecture?

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1 What is the Circuit Breaker pattern?

2 Why use the Circuit Breaker pattern?

3 How to implement the Circuit Breaker pattern?

4 What are some examples of the Circuit Breaker pattern?

5 What are some best practices for using the Circuit Breaker pattern?

6 Here’s what else to consider

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