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What are the best practices for seamless handover and roaming between 4G networks?

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Handover and roaming are essential features of 4G networks that enable users to switch between different base stations and operators without losing connectivity or quality of service. However, achieving seamless handover and roaming can be challenging due to various factors such as network heterogeneity, mobility patterns, traffic load, and user preferences. In this article, you will learn some of the best practices for seamless handover and roaming between 4G networks, based on the latest standards and recommendations.

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Jason Bryan

Creative Strategist | Telecoms Innovation Leader | Director General of Innovative Operators | CEO, ROCCO Group |…
Manuel Rebellon
Gary N. Reno

Director Of Operations at Adlucem

1 Handover types

Handover can be classified into two types: intra-system and inter-system. Intra-system handover occurs when the user moves from one base station to another within the same network, such as from one LTE cell to another. Inter-system handover occurs when the user moves from one network to another, such as from LTE to Wi-Fi or 3G. Each type of handover requires different mechanisms and protocols to ensure smooth transition and minimal interruption.

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Manuel Rebellon
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Based on the technique used to implement the handover there are two main sort of handovers Soft handover and hard handover are two different techniques used in LTE (Long-Term Evolution) to manage the transition of a mobile device (UE - User Equipment) between different base stations (eNB - Evolved NodeB) or cells. Soft handover, also known as "soft handoff," is a technique where a mobile device communicates with multiple base stations simultaneously during the handover process. Hard handover, also known as "hard handoff," is a technique where a mobile device completely disconnects from the source cell before connecting to the target cell. From implementation standpoint, Hard handover is quite simple while soft handover is more complexity

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Faith UESOO

A Father |Network Engineer| Voice Solutions|3CX Certified| Cybersecurity| Network security| Cloud Services| IoTs| Badge; Microsoft, Cisco, Google, ISC2 & AWS| 3CX Solutions Engineer B.TECH. | M.Sc. | MTA | CCNA | PM
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Horizontal handover: To switch from one coverage zone to another the user uses same access technology. Vertical handover: To switch from one coverage zone to another the user uses different access technologies

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2 Handover criteria

Handover criteria are the parameters that determine when and where to perform handover. The most common criteria are signal strength, signal quality, and data rate. However, these criteria may not be sufficient to capture the user's needs and preferences, such as cost, security, or application requirements. Therefore, some advanced criteria have been proposed, such as user profile, network load, battery level, and user feedback. These criteria can be combined and weighted to form a comprehensive handover decision algorithm.

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Gary N. Reno

Director Of Operations at Adlucem
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Establishing the type handover should be put into perspective first. There is the normal in network of constant soft handoffs, then hard handoffs within the same network on different band allocations then consider two opposing carriers, different band allocations that require noise generator transmissions and the equal of software that rivals the older IS-41 structured software to accomplish a very hard handoff system to system.

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3 Handover procedures

Handover procedures are the steps that are executed to perform handover. Depending on the type and direction of handover, different procedures are involved. For example, intra-system handover in LTE involves measurement, preparation, execution, and completion phases, while inter-system handover may involve additional steps such as authentication, authorization, and tunneling. The main goal of handover procedures is to minimize the handover latency, the packet loss, and the signaling overhead.

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4 Roaming agreements

Roaming agreements are the contracts that define the terms and conditions for users to access other operators' networks. Roaming agreements specify the technical, commercial, and legal aspects of roaming, such as the network coverage, the service quality, the billing methods, and the dispute resolution. Roaming agreements are essential for enabling inter-system handover and roaming, as they ensure interoperability and compatibility between different networks and operators.

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Jason Bryan

Creative Strategist | Telecoms Innovation Leader | Director General of Innovative Operators | CEO, ROCCO Group | Creative Writer
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The first roaming agreements took effect in 1992 with the launch of the first roaming live service for 2G. Then as time progressed and most mobile or cellular operators became GSM networks, and new data services were launched, roaming agreements became technology neutral meaning you could launch GPRS, 3G or 4G and not have to create new agreements. For 5G SA (5G Standalone) Roaming a whole new approach will be taken for any mobile operators making agreements as roaming partners together. New agreements or Annexes to existing agreements will be signed and potentially also addition, service level agreements. Knowing the right documentation is essential. In addition new billing exchange mechanisms have been introduced that must be used.

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5 Roaming architecture

Roaming architecture is the network structure that supports roaming. Roaming architecture consists of several components, such as the home network, the visited network, the home subscriber server (HSS), the policy and charging rules function (PCRF), and the roaming hub. These components are responsible for providing functions such as authentication, authorization, accounting, policy control, and charging for roaming users. Roaming architecture also defines the interfaces and protocols that enable communication and coordination between these components.

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6 Roaming optimization

Roaming optimization is the process of improving the performance and efficiency of roaming. Roaming optimization can be achieved by applying various techniques, such as local breakout, steering of roaming, and intelligent network selection. Local breakout allows roaming users to access local services and resources without going through their home network, thus reducing the latency and the bandwidth consumption. Steering of roaming allows operators to influence the network selection of roaming users based on their preferences and policies. Intelligent network selection allows users to choose the best network for their needs and preferences based on various criteria and feedback.

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Jason Bryan

Creative Strategist | Telecoms Innovation Leader | Director General of Innovative Operators | CEO, ROCCO Group | Creative Writer
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IO the organisation of Mobile Operators (Innovative Operators) focused on innovation has developed Roaming Development Goals to drive the adoption of digital transformation and automation into this space. Check out innovativeoperators.io for more information. For 5G Local Breakout is considered by some Mobile Operators to be a must in all locations but others who don't anticipate it will come to practice in more than a few locations. What could be interesting is AI and its adoption across all kinds of verticals in the process. Especially where it's felt that the customer experience can be improved.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Faith UESOO

A Father |Network Engineer| Voice Solutions|3CX Certified| Cybersecurity| Network security| Cloud Services| IoTs| Badge; Microsoft, Cisco, Google, ISC2 & AWS| 3CX Solutions Engineer B.TECH. | M.Sc. | MTA | CCNA | PM
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In the terms of mobility, the network ensures a seamless connection for example in case of fourth generation wireless networks. Handover is a term which is most popular in cellular communication which means when a user continues with its call when he/she switches from one coverage zone to another

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What are the best practices for seamless handover and roaming between 4G networks?

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1 Handover types

2 Handover criteria

3 Handover procedures

4 Roaming agreements

5 Roaming architecture

6 Roaming optimization

7 Here’s what else to consider

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