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What are the best practices for managing the impact of weather conditions on aircraft systems and operations?

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Weather conditions can have a significant impact on aircraft systems and operations, affecting safety, performance, and efficiency. As a pilot, you need to be aware of the best practices for managing the weather-related risks and challenges that you may encounter during your flight. In this article, we will discuss some of the key aspects of weather planning, monitoring, and decision-making that can help you fly safely and smoothly.

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James Dubela

American Airlines Captain, (Ret’d)

1 Weather Planning

Before you take off, you should have a thorough understanding of the current and forecasted weather conditions along your route and at your destination. You should use reliable sources of weather information, such as aviation weather services, briefings, and reports, to obtain relevant data on wind, visibility, precipitation, clouds, temperature, pressure, and turbulence. You should also check the notices to airmen (NOTAMs) for any weather-related advisories or restrictions that may affect your flight. Based on the weather information, you should plan your flight accordingly, choosing the best route, altitude, speed, and fuel requirements.

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James Dubela

American Airlines Captain, (Ret’d)
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As far as the commercial airline world goes, we have excellent weather information and well-trained pilots on managing weather threats. I jokingly say pilots are amateur meteorologists. There is also a very accurate and up-to-date weather source on company-issued computer tablets. The information is there, simply put. What isn’t so clear-cut is how weather will affect your enroute fuel burn (deviations) or it’s affect on takeoff or landing. Pilots must constantly evaluate whether it is safe to takeoff, divert, or hold until conditions improve. Never confuse being “legal” to do something as meaning it’s the safest course of action.

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2 Weather Monitoring

During your flight, you should constantly monitor the weather conditions and compare them with your expectations and plans. You should use the available weather instruments and systems on your aircraft, such as the airspeed indicator, altimeter, attitude indicator, compass, radio, radar, and GPS, to measure and display the weather variables that affect your flight. You should also use the external sources of weather information, such as air traffic control (ATC), flight service stations (FSS), automated terminal information service (ATIS), and other pilots, to receive updates and alerts on the weather conditions along your route and at your destination.

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James Dubela

American Airlines Captain, (Ret’d)
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This is perhaps a poorly worded lead-in. Pilots have to maintain overall situational awareness for their flight. That means constantly monitoring the aircraft’s flight path, energy state, fuel—all while managing the weather threat. It’s a continuous loop process, never stagnating on one aspect of the flight.

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3 Weather Decision-Making

As you monitor the weather conditions, you should be prepared to make timely and appropriate decisions to ensure your safety and efficiency. You should use the aeronautical decision-making (ADM) process, which is a systematic approach to identify and assess weather-related hazards, evaluate your options, and choose the best course of action. You should also use the risk management (RM) process, which is a method to assess and mitigate the weather-related risks that may affect your flight. You should consider factors such as your experience, training, equipment, and personal limitations, as well as the regulations, procedures, and standards that apply to your flight.

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James Dubela

American Airlines Captain, (Ret’d)
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Pilots get into problems when they split hairs. Just because you are “legal” to takeoff or land under a given set of conditions doesn’t mean it’s the smartest move. One has to be honest with their limitations and be bold to act on them. No one faults you for making the safest decision. One matrix I use is asking yourself if you are qualified, current, and proficient to do something. Inexperienced crews may have higher weather minimums to be qualified to fly a particular approach. Or they may need special simulator training for it. Next is “Are you current?” When was the last time you flew this? Finally, one must ask “How proficient am I for this type of takeoff, approach, or landing. Honesty carries the day here.

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4 Weather Avoidance

One of the most important decisions that you may have to make is whether to avoid or encounter certain weather conditions that may pose a threat to your flight. You should always avoid flying into severe weather conditions, such as thunderstorms, icing, hail, lightning, strong winds, heavy rain, snow, fog, or low clouds, as they can cause damage to your aircraft systems, reduce your visibility, impair your performance, or induce spatial disorientation. You should also avoid flying into marginal weather conditions, such as moderate turbulence, light rain, or high clouds, if they exceed your personal or operational limits. You should use your weather instruments and systems, as well as the guidance from ATC and FSS, to identify and steer clear of the hazardous weather areas.

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James Dubela

American Airlines Captain, (Ret’d)
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Air carriers have specific guidance on weather avoidance. Crews are expected to know and comply with them. However, pilots are human and make errors. A study conducted at DFW Airport found crews were more likely to fly thru severe weather the closer they got to the airport. That’s why pilots cannot let schedule, commuting, or personal plans after the day’s flying affect their decision making.

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5 Weather Recovery

If you encounter unexpected or unavoidable weather conditions that affect your flight, you should take immediate and appropriate actions to recover from the situation and resume your normal flight. You should use your emergency procedures and checklists, as well as the instructions from ATC and FSS, to cope with the weather-related challenges and minimize the potential consequences. You should also use your communication and coordination skills, as well as the assistance from other pilots, to inform and seek help from the relevant parties. You should also use your judgment and flexibility, as well as the available alternatives, to adjust your flight plan and divert to a safer location if necessary.

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6 Weather Learning

After you complete your flight, you should reflect on your weather-related experiences and learn from them. You should review your weather planning, monitoring, and decision-making processes, and identify any strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, or threats that you encountered. You should also evaluate your weather avoidance and recovery actions, and assess their effectiveness, efficiency, and appropriateness. You should also seek feedback and advice from your instructors, mentors, or peers, as well as the relevant authorities, to improve your weather knowledge, skills, and attitudes. You should also update your weather records and logs, and document your weather lessons and best practices.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What are the best practices for managing the impact of weather conditions on aircraft systems and operations?

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1 Weather Planning

2 Weather Monitoring

3 Weather Decision-Making

4 Weather Avoidance

5 Weather Recovery

6 Weather Learning

7 Here’s what else to consider

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