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What are the best practices for a life cycle assessment of a building?

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A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method to evaluate the environmental impacts of a building throughout its entire life span, from design and construction to operation and demolition. LCA can help identify opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, water use, waste generation, and other environmental burdens associated with buildings. However, conducting a LCA of a building is not a simple task, as it involves collecting and analyzing a large amount of data, applying appropriate models and tools, and interpreting and communicating the results. In this article, we will discuss some of the best practices for a LCA of a building, based on the standards and guidelines developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and other organizations.

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1 Define the goal and scope

The first step of a LCA of a building is to define the goal and scope of the study, which should clearly state the purpose, intended audience, system boundaries, functional unit, data sources, impact categories, and assumptions of the LCA. The goal and scope should be consistent with the decision-making context and the stakeholder needs. For example, if the goal is to compare different design options for a building, the scope should include all the relevant life cycle stages and impacts that can differentiate the options. The functional unit should reflect the function and performance of the building, such as the floor area, the occupancy, or the service life.

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Gulzeb Rajput

QHSE & Decarbonization Professional | DP World | MEng | Certified Lean SSBB | NEBOSH IGC | HSE Auditing | ICAM Investigator | Environmental Impact | ESG | Sustainability | Ports and Terminals | Logistics
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The best practices for a life cycle assessment of a building involve considering the environmental impacts of all stages, from raw material extraction to construction, use, and eventual demolition. This includes assessing energy consumption, material sourcing, waste generation, and emissions. Using standardized methodologies, such as ISO 14040/44, and considering the building's entire life cycle can provide a comprehensive understanding of its environmental footprint. Additionally, incorporating sustainable design, energy-efficient technologies, and renewable materials can help minimize environmental impacts throughout the building's life cycle.

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Grahame Maisey

Founder at NEMCO LDAC. Building Energy Systems Expert. Leader in Sustainability.
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Design Intent (DI) is a document that defines the goals and scope of the project. We developed a Detailed Design Intent (DDI) document that defines details of the project scope and goals in sufficient detail through to detailed operation and commissioning plus life cycle assessment of the project and its components.

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2 Collect the inventory data

The second step of a LCA of a building is to collect the inventory data, which are the inputs and outputs of the building system, such as the materials, energy, water, emissions, and waste. The inventory data should be as accurate, complete, and representative as possible, and should cover all the life cycle stages of the building, such as the extraction and production of materials, the transportation and construction of the building, the operation and maintenance of the building, and the end-of-life treatment of the building components. The inventory data can be obtained from various sources, such as primary data from the project team, secondary data from databases or literature, or hybrid data from a combination of both.

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Guilherme Credidio

Advocacia | Professor Universitário
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Os dados s?o fundamentais para a elabora??o de um ACV. Conhecer as fontes de dados e obter os devidos acessos, além de investir em relacionamentos parece ser o caminho a ser seguido.

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3 Apply the impact assessment method

The third step of a LCA of a building is to apply the impact assessment method, which is a process to translate the inventory data into potential environmental impacts, such as global warming, acidification, eutrophication, or human health effects. The impact assessment method should be consistent with the goal and scope of the study, and should reflect the most relevant and reliable scientific knowledge. The impact assessment method usually consists of four steps: classification, characterization, normalization, and weighting. Classification is to assign the inventory data to different impact categories. Characterization is to quantify the contribution of each inventory data to each impact category using characterization factors. Normalization is to express the impact results in relation to a reference value, such as the average impact of a person or a region. Weighting is to assign relative importance to different impact categories using weighting factors.

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Alexander Coffman

Engineer & Speaker | Mentoring young professionals to increase productivity and develop professionally | Exploring emerging technology, economic, and policy solutions to the polycrisis
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For a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a building, the impact assessment phase is crucial. It involves analyzing the inventory data to understand the environmental impacts. Best practices include selecting appropriate impact categories like greenhouse gas emissions or water use, and using recognized methodologies such as ReCiPe or TRACI. In my experience working with sustainable building projects, we used these methods to identify key areas for improvement. For example, we realized a significant reduction in carbon footprint could be achieved by switching to low-impact building materials. This phase helps make informed decisions to minimize the building's environmental impact.

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4 Interpret and communicate the results

The fourth and final step of a LCA of a building is to interpret and communicate the results, which is a process to evaluate the quality, reliability, and significance of the impact results, and to present them in a clear, transparent, and understandable way. The interpretation and communication of the results should be consistent with the goal and scope of the study, and should address the limitations, uncertainties, and assumptions of the LCA. The interpretation and communication of the results should also include a sensitivity analysis, which is a method to test how the impact results change with different parameters, such as the data sources, the impact assessment method, or the system boundaries. The interpretation and communication of the results should provide relevant and useful information for the decision-makers and the stakeholders, and should highlight the main findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the LCA.

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Grahame Maisey

Founder at NEMCO LDAC. Building Energy Systems Expert. Leader in Sustainability.
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Commissioning is an essential component of a successful project that should include commissioning of the installation and start up; a one year assessment and adjustments where necessary. A "Building Detailed Logbook: is a document that reports the project from inception to deconstruction, documenting al phases of schematic design through final commissioning to remodeling, etc and on through to deconstruction

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What are the best practices for a life cycle assessment of a building?

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3

4

5

1 Define the goal and scope

2 Collect the inventory data

3 Apply the impact assessment method

4 Interpret and communicate the results

5 Here’s what else to consider

Environmental Engineering

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What are the best practices for a life cycle assessment of a building?

1

2

3

4

5

1 Define the goal and scope

2 Collect the inventory data

3 Apply the impact assessment method

4 Interpret and communicate the results

5 Here’s what else to consider

Environmental Engineering

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