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What are the best practices for generating and validating SIP tags?

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SIP tags are essential for identifying and matching SIP messages in a dialog, which is a logical association between two or more SIP endpoints. SIP tags are unique identifiers that are generated and validated by the endpoints according to the SIP protocol. In this article, you will learn what are the best practices for generating and validating SIP tags, and why they are important for SIP security and reliability.

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suyash vaishnava

Conversational AI | Generative AI | Digital Transformation | Contact Center Architect | NLP | CCaaS | CX |

1 SIP tag format

A SIP tag is a parameter that is added to the From and To headers of a SIP message. It has the form tag=value, where value is a string of at least one and at most 64 characters. The value can be any combination of letters, digits, hyphens, dots, or tildes, and it should be case-sensitive. A SIP tag must be enclosed in quotes if it contains any characters that are not allowed in a token, such as spaces or commas.

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2 SIP tag generation

A SIP tag is generated by the endpoint that initiates a dialog, such as a user agent client (UAC) that sends an INVITE request, or a user agent server (UAS) that sends a non-INVITE request. The endpoint must generate a random and unique value for the tag, and include it in the From header of the request. The endpoint must also store the tag value locally for future reference. The tag value should not be reused for different dialogs or different endpoints.

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suyash vaishnava

Conversational AI | Generative AI | Digital Transformation | Contact Center Architect | NLP | CCaaS | CX |
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When generating SIP tags, it is important to use a consistent naming convention. This will make it easier to manage and troubleshoot your SIP system. A good naming convention would be to use a prefix that indicates the type of tag, followed by a unique identifier. For example, you could use the prefix "CONTACT" for contact tags, the prefix "HEADER" for header tags, and the prefix "MESSAGE" for message tags.

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3 SIP tag validation

A SIP tag is validated by the endpoint that receives a dialog-initiating request, such as a UAS that receives an INVITE request, or a UAC that receives a non-INVITE request. The endpoint must check the From header of the request for the presence and validity of the tag parameter. If the tag is missing or invalid, the endpoint must reject the request with a 400 Bad Request response. If the tag is present and valid, the endpoint must create a copy of the tag value and include it in the To header of the response. The endpoint must also store the tag value locally for future reference.

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suyash vaishnava

Conversational AI | Generative AI | Digital Transformation | Contact Center Architect | NLP | CCaaS | CX |
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When validating SIP tags, it is important to use a reliable SIP tag validator. A good SIP tag validator will check for the following: The tag is in the correct format. The tag is a valid character set. The tag is unique. The tag is not in use. The tag is not a reserved word

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4 SIP tag matching

SIP tags are used for matching subsequent requests and responses in a dialog. For each dialog, there is a dialog identifier that consists of the Call-ID header value and the tag values from the From and To headers of the first request and response. The dialog identifier must be the same for all messages in the same dialog. To match a request or response to a dialog, the endpoint must compare the Call-ID header value and the tag values from the From and To headers with the stored dialog identifier. If they match, the message belongs to the dialog. If they do not match, the message does not belong to the dialog.

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5 SIP tag security

SIP tags are important for SIP security, as they prevent malicious or accidental interference with existing dialogs. SIP tags prevent dialog hijacking, which is an attack where an unauthorized endpoint sends a message with a forged Call-ID header value and a matching tag value to a dialog participant, pretending to be the other participant. SIP tags also prevent dialog spoofing, which is an attack where an unauthorized endpoint sends a message with a forged Call-ID header value and a new tag value to a dialog participant, pretending to initiate a new dialog. SIP tags ensure that only the endpoints that have generated and validated the tag values can participate in a dialog.

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6 SIP tag reliability

SIP tags are also important for SIP reliability, as they enable the endpoints to handle retransmissions, forks, and cancellations of requests and responses. SIP tags help the endpoints to distinguish between retransmitted and new requests and responses, as retransmitted messages have the same tag values as the original messages, while new messages have different tag values. SIP tags also help the endpoints to identify forks, which are multiple responses to the same request from different UASs, as each forked response has a different tag value in the To header. SIP tags also help the endpoints to cancel requests and responses, as the CANCEL and ACK methods use the same tag values as the INVITE method they refer to.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What are the best practices for generating and validating SIP tags?

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1 SIP tag format

2 SIP tag generation

3 SIP tag validation

4 SIP tag matching

5 SIP tag security

6 SIP tag reliability

7 Here’s what else to consider

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

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