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Last updated on 2024年6月7日

What are the best geophysical surveying tools for identifying subsurface structures?

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Understanding the layers beneath the Earth's surface is crucial for various applications, from oil and gas exploration to constructing stable infrastructure. Geophysical surveying tools are indispensable for this purpose, offering a non-invasive peek into the subsurface structures. These tools utilize different physical properties of the earth materials, such as magnetic fields, gravity, electrical conductivity, and seismic waves, to infer what lies beneath. As you delve into the world of geology, knowing which tools best suit your project's needs can save time and resources while providing accurate data.

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Dr. Vinay K. Sahay

Director at MEPL Research Foundation
Osman Faiz Abdalmomin

Exploration Geologist | Project Technical Manager | Geo data expert optimizing exploration strategies.

1 Seismic Reflection

Seismic reflection is a powerful tool used to map subsurface structures. By generating seismic waves that travel through the Earth and reflect back from different geological layers, you can obtain a detailed image of the subsurface. The time it takes for the seismic waves to return is recorded, and these data are used to create a profile of the underground features. This method is particularly useful in identifying oil and gas reservoirs and is a staple in hydrocarbon exploration.

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Dr. Vinay K. Sahay

Director at MEPL Research Foundation
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Identifying subsurface structures like faults and folds is crucial in geophysical surveying for oil, gas, and mineral exploration. The choice of tools varies based on project type, project objectives and costs. Oil and Gas Exploration: 1. Seismic Reflection: Provides detailed images of subsurface structures. 2. Magnetic Surveys: Identifies geological structures through magnetic field variations. Mineral Exploration: 1. Electromagnetic (EM) Surveys: Identifies variations related to structural discontinuities and minerals to locate minerals. 2. Magnetic Surveys: Detects faults, ore bodies via magnetic anomalies. Selecting the right tool depends on project needs and budget.

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Ryan Permana

Geologist/ Business Development/ Project Management/ Industrial Radiation Safety Officer lv 1
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So far the best tools is Seismic. It is still the most comprehensive and better understanding for recognizing the sub-surface structures

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Laura Gigena

Geóloga
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Según mi experiencia, la reflexión sísmica es una muy buena herramienta para interpretar estructuras en el subsuelo. Sin embargo debemos recordar que hay tantas interpretaciones como intérpretes haya. También hay que tener en cuenta la calidad del dato que se tiene (si es 2D o 3D; si es nuevo o antiguo; el procesamiento que puede mejorar o empeorarlo, entre otras cosas). También debemos recordar que la resolución del dato cambia con las frecuencias a medida que aumenta la profundidad: generalmente no veremos estructuras menores a 10 m a profundidades someras y ese limitación aumenta hasta mas de 40m a más profundidad.

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2 Magnetic Surveys

Magnetic surveys measure variations in the Earth's magnetic field caused by the presence of ferromagnetic minerals like iron. As you walk or fly over an area with a magnetometer, it detects these anomalies, which can indicate the presence of mineral deposits or even archaeological features. This method is less disruptive and can cover large areas quickly, making it ideal for initial exploratory phases of a survey.

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Osman Faiz Abdalmomin

Exploration Geologist | Project Technical Manager | Geo data expert optimizing exploration strategies.
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Magnetic surveys measure variations in the Earth's magnetic field caused by subsurface features such as buried metallic objects or geological structures with magnetic properties. This method is used in archaeology, mineral exploration, and mapping.

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3 Gravity Mapping

Gravity mapping involves measuring the Earth's gravitational field at various points to detect density variations underground. Since different materials have different densities, this method can reveal hidden structures such as caverns or denser rock formations. Gravity meters or gravimeters are used to detect minute variations in gravity, which can help you infer the distribution of rocks and minerals below the surface.

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Osman Faiz Abdalmomin

Exploration Geologist | Project Technical Manager | Geo data expert optimizing exploration strategies.
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Gravity surveys measure variations in the Earth's gravitational field caused by variations in subsurface density. Gravity surveys are useful for mapping large-scale geological features such as faults, basins, and mineral deposits.

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Laura Gigena

Geóloga
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En los estudios preliminares para la prospección de litio en salmueras en los salares andinos, se usa esta herramienta para mapear el basamento que está por debajo de los espesores de roca reservorio de estas salmueras, ya que son más densas, y así poder visualizar a que profundidad está y saber el posible espesor de reservorio de salmuera con litio.

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4 Electrical Resistivity

Electrical resistivity is used to measure how strongly the ground resists the flow of electrical current, which varies depending on the types of rocks and fluids present. By injecting electrical current into the ground and measuring the potential difference, you can get an idea of the subsurface composition. This technique is especially useful for detecting groundwater, mineral deposits, and for environmental assessments.

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Laura Gigena

Geóloga
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En la prospección de agua es muy importante, para poder detectar tentativamente profundidades a los que puede hallarse el reservorio de agua y también los espesores de los mismos. En el caso de la prospección de salmueras que contienen litio, es muy útil para detectar los reservorios que contienen agua dulce y los que tienen agua salobre o salmuera.

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5 Ground Penetrating Radar

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) sends high-frequency radio waves into the ground and measures the reflected signals. The time delay and strength of the returned signals can provide information about the depth and properties of subsurface structures. GPR is highly effective for mapping geological features, detecting buried objects, and evaluating the condition of infrastructure.

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6 Electromagnetic Methods

Electromagnetic methods involve inducing electromagnetic fields in the subsurface and measuring the response. Tools like Time-Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) systems can detect changes in conductivity that may indicate different types of rocks or fluids. This method is non-invasive and can be used to explore for a variety of mineral deposits or to map groundwater contamination plumes.

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Laura Gigena

Geóloga
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Un método muy usado en la prospección de reservorios de salmuera con litio es el CSAMT (Controlled Source Audio-Magnetic Tellurics). Nos ayuda a distinguir zonas que contienen fluidos mas o menos resistivos de acuerdo a su salinidad, y zonas de rocas secas o basamento por debajo que son muy resistivas.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Osman Faiz Abdalmomin

Exploration Geologist | Project Technical Manager | Geo data expert optimizing exploration strategies.
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Choosing the best geophysical surveying tool depends on the specific objectives of the survey, the target depth, and the geological conditions of the study area. Often, a combination of techniques is used to obtain a comprehensive understanding of subsurface structures.

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Laura Gigena

Geóloga
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La geofísica tiene herramientas muy útiles, siempre dependiendo del objetivo, del presupuesto, de la escala que se maneja. Son herramientas amigables con el medio ambiente, ya que el impacto es mínimo. Siempre es útil contar con otros datos (geología, otros estudios geofísicos/geoquímicos, perforaciones, entre otros) para que las interpretaciones sean lo más precisas posible.

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What are the best geophysical surveying tools for identifying subsurface structures?

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1 Seismic Reflection

2 Magnetic Surveys

3 Gravity Mapping

4 Electrical Resistivity

5 Ground Penetrating Radar

6 Electromagnetic Methods

7 Here’s what else to consider

Geology

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