What are the best data sources to use for a life cycle assessment?

1 Data quality criteria

When selecting the best data sources for a LCA, one of the initial steps is to define the data quality criteria that are suitable for your specific goals and scope. Data quality criteria are the characteristics that indicate how appropriate, exact, and consistent a data source is for a LCA. Some of the common criteria include representativeness, which looks at how well the data reflects the actual conditions and system boundaries of your LCA; completeness, which examines how much the data covers all the relevant inputs and outputs of your LCA; precision, which determines how much the data reduces uncertainty and variability in your LCA results; consistency, which evaluates how much the data follows the same methodological and reporting standards as your LCA; and transparency, which assesses how much the data provides clear and verifiable information about its sources, methods, and assumptions.

2 Data types and formats

When selecting the best data sources for a LCA, it is important to consider the type and format of the data. Primary data is collected directly from measurements, surveys, or observations of the LCA system. Secondary data is obtained from existing sources such as databases, literature, or reports. Process data describes the inputs and outputs of a unit process or operation within the LCA system. Product data describes the inputs and outputs of a product or service throughout its life cycle. Input-output data outlines economic transactions and environmental exchanges between different sectors or regions within the LCA system. Tabular data is organized in rows and columns like spreadsheets, tables, or matrices. Graphical data is represented in diagrams, charts, or maps such as flowcharts, pie charts, or geographic information systems (GIS). Textual data is written in words, sentences, or paragraphs such as descriptions, explanations, or narratives.

3 Data sources and availability

When selecting the best data sources for a LCA, the source and availability of the data must be taken into account. Internal data, produced and owned by a single organization or project, is usually accessible and easy to use. External data, produced and shared by other organizations or projects, may require permission, payment, or registration to access. Public data is freely available to anyone, while private data is restricted and confidential. Standardized data is based on widely accepted methods, protocols, or formats and can be compared to other sources. Customized data is tailored to specific needs and preferences and may require additional effort or expertise to create.