What are the advantages and disadvantages of paying dividends versus retaining earnings?

2 Retained earnings and growth

Retained earnings are the portion of a company's net income that is not distributed to shareholders, but rather reinvested in the business. Retained earnings can increase the growth potential of a company by allowing it to fund new projects, acquire new assets, improve its efficiency, or diversify its portfolio. Retained earnings can also enhance the financial flexibility and solvency of a company by reducing its reliance on external financing, such as debt or equity. However, retained earnings can also reduce the growth rate of a company by creating agency problems, where managers may misuse or waste the funds for their own benefit rather than the shareholders'. Retained earnings can also dilute the earnings per share and the return on equity of a company by increasing the number of shares outstanding or the book value of equity.

3 Dividends and risk

Dividends can affect the risk profile of a company by influencing its capital structure, cash flow volatility, and shareholder expectations. Dividends can reduce the risk of a company by lowering its debt-to-equity ratio, which reduces its financial leverage and interest expenses. Dividends can also stabilize the cash flow of a company by smoothing out its earnings fluctuations and providing a cushion for unexpected shocks. However, dividends can also increase the risk of a company by creating a dividend commitment, which obliges the company to pay a certain amount of dividends regardless of its cash flow situation. Dividends can also raise the expectations of shareholders, who may demand higher dividends or penalize the company for cutting or omitting dividends.

4 Retained earnings and risk

Retained earnings can also influence the risk level of a company by affecting its capital structure, cash flow variability, and shareholder preferences. Retained earnings can increase the risk of a company by raising its equity-to-debt ratio, which increases its financial leverage and magnifies its earnings volatility. Retained earnings can also amplify the cash flow variability of a company by exposing it to the uncertainty and variability of its investment projects. However, retained earnings can also decrease the risk of a company by creating a retained earnings buffer, which enables the company to absorb losses or fund opportunities without resorting to external financing. Retained earnings can also align the preferences of shareholders, who may prefer a higher return on their investment rather than a lower dividend yield.

6 Dividend alternatives and cash flow

Dividend alternatives are other ways that companies can use their cash flow to return value to shareholders or to retain funds for reinvestment. Some common dividend alternatives are share repurchases, stock dividends, stock splits, and special dividends. Share repurchases are when a company buys back its own shares from the market, which reduces the number of shares outstanding and increases the earnings per share and the share price. Stock dividends are when a company issues new shares to existing shareholders, which increases the number of shares outstanding but does not affect the share price or the earnings per share. Stock splits are when a company divides its existing shares into smaller units, which increases the number of shares outstanding but reduces the share price and the earnings per share proportionally. Special dividends are one-time payments that a company makes to shareholders, usually from a windfall gain or an excess cash reserve. Each dividend alternative has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of cash flow management, tax implications, signaling effects, and shareholder reactions.