How do you use reflexivity and memoing in qualitative interview thematic analysis?

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Qualitative interview thematic analysis is a method of identifying, analyzing, and interpreting patterns of meaning in interview data. It can help you explore the experiences, views, and motivations of your participants, as well as the social and cultural contexts that shape them. However, to conduct a rigorous and trustworthy thematic analysis, you need to be aware of your own role, assumptions, and influences in the research process. This is where reflexivity and memoing come in handy. In this article, you will learn how to use these two techniques to enhance the quality and credibility of your qualitative interview thematic analysis.

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Reetika M.

Communication & Change Management| Product Marketing |Qualitative Researcher |Driving ESG Goals with GenAI @ World…

1 What is reflexivity?

Reflexivity is the practice of reflecting on your own position, perspectives, and biases as a researcher, and how they affect your data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Reflexivity helps you to acknowledge and address the power dynamics, ethical issues, and personal emotions that may arise in qualitative interviews. It also helps you to justify and explain your methodological choices, such as sampling, coding, and theme development. Reflexivity can be done throughout the research process, but especially before and after each interview, and during the analysis stage.

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Reetika M.

Communication & Change Management| Product Marketing |Qualitative Researcher |Driving ESG Goals with GenAI @ World Economic Forum,UNICEF, WHO | Views are personal.
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In qualitative research, reflexivity is like having a research GPS – it keeps you aware of your biases and guides your decisions. Imagine interviewing participants about workplace dynamics. Before each interview, reflect on your own work experiences; afterward, consider how your perceptions influenced the conversation. This constant self-awareness ensures a clearer path in understanding and interpreting your research data.

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Dr. Elyssa PhD, LPC, RPT-S, ACS

Licensed Professional Counselor & Registered Play Therapist- Supervisor in Private Practice/ Practice Owner| Psychotherapist Trainer, Educator, & Clinical Supervisor| Psychotherapist for Psychotherapists.
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Reflexivity is an intersubjective practice. It is the act of considering the research process and relationships from the viewpoint of self, other, and self-in-relation-to-others. Reflexive researchers consider social and contextual elements, while openly exploring the self, others, and relationships as the fieldwork proceeds (Kacen & Chaitin, 2006). Unlike reflection which can transpire at a single point in time and occur cross-sectionally, reflexivity is an iterative negotiation that should occur throughout one's entire research practice.

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2 What is memoing?

Memoing is the practice of writing notes, comments, or thoughts about your data, codes, themes, or findings. Memoing helps you to record your analytical insights, questions, hypotheses, or challenges that emerge during the data analysis. It also helps you to track your analytical decisions, such as merging, splitting, or renaming codes or themes. Memoing can be done in various formats, such as handwritten notes, word documents, or software tools. Memoing can be done at any time during the data analysis, but especially after each coding session, or when reviewing or revising your themes.

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Reetika M.

Communication & Change Management| Product Marketing |Qualitative Researcher |Driving ESG Goals with GenAI @ World Economic Forum,UNICEF, WHO | Views are personal.
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Think of memoing as your research diary. Let's say you're coding interview responses on work satisfaction. After each session, jot down thoughts like "Patterns in remote work comments?" or "Explore influence of team dynamics." These memos become your compass, guiding decisions like refining codes and shaping themes, ensuring your analysis is a thoughtful journey.

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3 How to use reflexivity in thematic analysis?

In order to use reflexivity in thematic analysis, it is important to ask yourself critical questions about your role, position, and influence in the research. For instance, consider your motivations, expectations, and interests in conducting the research, as well as how your personal and professional background, values, and beliefs shape your understanding of the topic and participants. Additionally, reflect on how you establish rapport and trust with the participants during interviews, how you deal with sensitive or ethical issues that may arise, and how you avoid imposing your own views or judgments on the data. Furthermore, consider how to account for the diversity, complexity, and contradictions in the data, explain and justify your analytical choices and procedures, and address any limitations or challenges you encounter. To document and demonstrate your reflexivity, keep a reflexive journal or diary, use a reflexive matrix or table to list assumptions and biases, write reflexive statements or paragraphs summarizing insights or challenges that inform your analysis, and incorporate reflexive quotes from interviews.

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Reetika M.

Communication & Change Management| Product Marketing |Qualitative Researcher |Driving ESG Goals with GenAI @ World Economic Forum,UNICEF, WHO | Views are personal.
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In thematic analysis, think of reflexivity as your backstage pass. Let's say you're exploring job satisfaction. Reflect on why you chose this topic—is it personal or professional? Consider how your own work experiences might tint your lens. As you interview, note how you build trust; handle sensitive topics, and avoid steering the narrative. Your reflexive journal becomes a compass, keeping your analysis transparent and acknowledging the dance between you and the data.

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4 How to use memoing in thematic analysis?

To use memoing in thematic analysis, you need to write notes or comments about your data, codes, themes, or findings. These can include your initial impressions and reactions, analytical thoughts, comparisons and contrasts, challenges or difficulties, revisions or modifications, and conclusions or recommendations. You can organize and manage your memos in various ways: by using different types of memos depending on the purpose of your analysis; by using different formats such as text memos, audio memos, video memos, or visual memos; by using different tools such as paper and pen, word processor, spreadsheet, or qualitative software; and by using different strategies such as free writing, brainstorming, mapping, or outlining.

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Reetika M.

Communication & Change Management| Product Marketing |Qualitative Researcher |Driving ESG Goals with GenAI @ World Economic Forum,UNICEF, WHO | Views are personal.
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Picture memoing in thematic analysis like creating a research scrapbook. Let's say you're diving into interviews about travel experiences. Jot down initial reactions like "emerging theme: cultural immersion" or challenges like "navigating conflicting narratives." Organize these memos—whether in text, audio, or even visual formats—like a puzzle. It's your dynamic toolkit to capture, refine, and piece together the evolving story of your analysis.

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5 Why are reflexivity and memoing important in thematic analysis?

Reflexivity and memoing are essential components of thematic analysis, as they can help to enhance the rigor and trustworthiness of your analysis, stimulate your analytical thinking, provide evidence and support for your findings, and facilitate learning and development. These steps are not optional in qualitative research; rather, they are integral to producing meaningful and credible results. Through the use of reflexivity and memoing during your qualitative interview thematic analysis, you can greatly improve the quality and credibility of your research.

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Ali Kassem

Mental Health Researcher | Qualitative Research Specialist | Research Ethics & Workplace Well-being
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As a researcher, I find reflexivity and memoing to be invaluable tools in my thematic analysis. Reflecting on my own biases and assumptions helps me identify and address potential influences on my research. Additionally, memoing allows me to document my thoughts, ideas, and observations throughout the process, aiding in the development of analytical concepts and tracking my progress. Through the use of reflexivity and memoing, I can conduct a more rigorous and transparent thematic analysis, ensuring that my findings are grounded in the data and free from personal bias.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How do you use reflexivity and memoing in qualitative interview thematic analysis?

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1 What is reflexivity?

2 What is memoing?

3 How to use reflexivity in thematic analysis?

4 How to use memoing in thematic analysis?

5 Why are reflexivity and memoing important in thematic analysis?

6 Here’s what else to consider

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