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How do you specify the character encoding of a linked resource?

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When you link to external resources in HTML, such as stylesheets, scripts, images, or fonts, you may want to specify the character encoding of those resources. This can help avoid potential problems with displaying text or symbols correctly, especially if the resource uses a different encoding than your HTML document. In this article, you will learn how to use the charset attribute and the Content-Type header to specify the character encoding of a linked resource.

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1 What is character encoding?

Character encoding is a system that maps characters, such as letters, numbers, punctuation, and symbols, to numeric codes that can be stored and transmitted by computers. Different character encoding schemes use different sets of codes to represent different sets of characters. For example, ASCII is a common encoding scheme that uses 7 bits to encode 128 characters, while UTF-8 is a more modern and flexible encoding scheme that uses variable-length bytes to encode over a million characters.

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Yogesh C.
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Character encoding is essential for electronic communication because it allows text to be represented in a format that can be understood by computers. Without character encoding, it would be impossible to transmit text-based information between different devices or systems. There are many different character encoding schemes in use today, with UTF-8 being the most widely used on the internet.

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Efrain Tadeo Lemus Martinez

Enhance your software infrastructure, streamline operations, position your startup for funding success, and scale your business. (English & Spanish)
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Character encoding is the best possible way to ensure your text shows up properly on a website. If you try to type the actual character like ? instead of © you might get an error when displaying on the website. Not necessarily an error, making it tricky, but it'll look like a typo.

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2 Why specify character encoding?

If you don't specify the character encoding of a linked resource, the browser may have to guess or use a default encoding, which may not match the actual encoding of the resource. This can result in garbled or unreadable text, missing or distorted symbols, or other errors. For example, if you link to a stylesheet that uses UTF-8 encoding, but the browser assumes it is ASCII, it may not be able to interpret some characters correctly, such as accented letters or emojis. To avoid these problems, you should specify the character encoding of a linked resource whenever possible.

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Dawid Wo?niak

Software Engineer at Microsoft
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Ever seen a page with those funky ? characters? That's the result of ignoring character encoding. Getting it right matters big time!

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3 How to use the charset attribute?

One way to specify the character encoding of a linked resource is to use the charset attribute in the HTML element that links to the resource. The charset attribute takes a value that indicates the name of the encoding scheme, such as UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, or GB2312. For example, if you want to link to a stylesheet that uses UTF-8 encoding, you can write:

The charset attribute can be used with the <link>, <script>, and <a> elements, but not with the <img> element. The charset attribute only applies to the resource that is directly linked by the element, not to any other resources that may be referenced by the linked resource.

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4 How to use the Content-Type header?

Another way to specify the character encoding of a linked resource is to use the Content-Type header in the HTTP response that delivers the resource. The Content-Type header tells the browser the type and the encoding of the resource, using a format like this:

Content-Type: media-type; charset=encoding-name

For example, if you want to send a stylesheet that uses UTF-8 encoding, you can include this header in the HTTP response:

Content-Type: text/css; charset=UTF-8

The Content-Type header can be set by the server that hosts the resource, or by the script that generates the resource dynamically. The Content-Type header applies to the entire resource, regardless of how it is linked by the HTML document.

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5 Which method to use?

Both the charset attribute and the Content-Type header can be used to specify the character encoding of a linked resource, but they have different priorities and scopes. If both methods are used for the same resource, the browser will follow the Content-Type header over the charset attribute, unless the header is invalid or missing. However, if the resource is embedded as a data URI, the browser will ignore the header and use the charset attribute instead.

Therefore, the best practice is to use both methods whenever possible, to ensure consistency and compatibility across different browsers and scenarios. However, if you have to choose one method over the other, you should prefer the Content-Type header, as it is more reliable and authoritative than the charset attribute.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Tunde Sanusi

Frontend Engineer | Web Designer and Consultant | WordPress Enthusiast
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To specify the character encoding of a linked resource, such as a webpage or document, you can use the "charset" parameter in the content type or media type declaration. This parameter helps web browsers and other user agents correctly interpret and display the characters in the resource. For instance ; you can specify the character encoding for HTML Webpage In the <head> section of an HTML webpage by using the <meta> tag with the "charset" attribute. To specify UTF-8 character encoding in HTML Webpage, use <head> <meta charset="UTF-8">  </head>

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How do you specify the character encoding of a linked resource?

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1 What is character encoding?

2 Why specify character encoding?

3 How to use the charset attribute?

4 How to use the Content-Type header?

5 Which method to use?

6 Here’s what else to consider

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