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Last updated on 2025年2月2日

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OAuth

How do you protect the resource server from replay attacks and token leakage?

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OAuth is a popular protocol for authorizing clients to access resources on behalf of users. However, OAuth also introduces some security risks, such as replay attacks and token leakage, that can compromise the resource server and the user's data. In this article, you will learn how to protect the resource server from these threats by following some best practices for resource server design.

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1 Use HTTPS

The first and most basic step to secure the resource server is to use HTTPS for all communication. HTTPS encrypts the data in transit and prevents eavesdropping, tampering, and spoofing. HTTPS also ensures that the client and the resource server are authentic and trustworthy. Without HTTPS, the access tokens and the resource requests can be intercepted and modified by malicious actors.

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Rafi Chowdhury

Business Analyst | IAM | Okta Certified Professional | Google Analytics 4 Certified | SailPoint | SSO | MFA | Agile & SDLC | Project Management | API Integrations | Data Analytics | Power BI | Tableau | SQL | CRM
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To stop replay attacks and token leaks, I’d make sure access tokens expire quickly so they can’t be reused for long. Using JWTs with timestamps helps catch duplicate requests. The server should always check if a token is still valid before accepting it. Everything should go through HTTPS so tokens aren’t exposed. If a token does get leaked, refresh token rotation makes sure old ones don’t work anymore. Keeping an eye on unusual login patterns also helps catch any suspicious activity.

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2 Validate access tokens

The second step to protect the resource server is to validate the access tokens that the client presents. The resource server should check that the access token is valid, not expired, and has the appropriate scope and audience for the requested resource. The resource server should also verify the signature of the access token, if it is a JWT, or use introspection, if it is an opaque token, to ensure that the access token was issued by a trusted authorization server.

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3 Implement nonce and state

The third step to protect the resource server is to implement nonce and state parameters in the authorization request and response. A nonce is a random string that the client generates and sends to the authorization server along with the request. The authorization server then returns the same nonce in the access token or the authorization code. The client and the resource server can then compare the nonce values to detect and prevent replay attacks. A state is a similar mechanism that the client uses to maintain the state of the authorization flow and prevent CSRF attacks.

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Greg Rice

Experienced Backend, IAM and ML Platform Developer, Infrastructure Engineer and Architect (Python, Scala, Kotlin, Java, Golang) who digs distributed systems. Proficient in software engineering and DevOps.
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For example: One may request an access token for accessing resource /home/me/my_file.txt. When calling a GET operation on that resource, I could actually generate a nonce (54321) and request GET /home/me/my_file.txt_54321 instead, as well as send a request to the auth server - say, Auth0 - with a query param including `nonce=54321`. Other providers may not provide explicit nonce support, but it can be hacked into games, too. Now, the controller/service actually serving up /home/me/my_file.txt_54321 will be responsible for recognizing the last bit as a nonce, checking the access token to make sure it's got the right nonce claim as well as general read scopes for the resource.

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4 Use short-lived and revocable access tokens

The fourth step to protect the resource server is to use short-lived and revocable access tokens. Short-lived access tokens reduce the window of opportunity for an attacker to use a stolen or leaked token. Revocable access tokens allow the resource server or the user to invalidate a token if it is compromised or no longer needed. The resource server should also implement a token blacklist or a token binding mechanism to reject revoked or bound tokens.

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5 Apply least privilege and fine-grained access control

The fifth step to protect the resource server is to apply the principle of least privilege and fine-grained access control. The principle of least privilege means that the client and the user should only have the minimum permissions and access rights necessary to perform their tasks. Fine-grained access control means that the resource server should enforce granular and dynamic policies based on the context, attributes, and roles of the client and the user. This way, the resource server can limit the exposure and impact of a breach or an abuse.

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Greg Rice

Experienced Backend, IAM and ML Platform Developer, Infrastructure Engineer and Architect (Python, Scala, Kotlin, Java, Golang) who digs distributed systems. Proficient in software engineering and DevOps.
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Service to service authorization should depend on the level of access of User A, who's talking to Service B, which accesses Service C. User A having a lot of power to grant Service B should not mean Service B anything more than least-privilege on Service C. I personally do not think OAuth2 is quite up to par alone anymore, especially in multitenant projects, and that this work is best handled through caching RBAC-based information on users and scopes/grants available, while combining it with Open Policy Agent. The rise of Auth0 means we want to cache as much access data as possible, while still logging token requests. It's also time to start looking at AuthZ change events and how pubsub can make this scale!

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6 Monitor and audit access logs

The sixth and final step to protect the resource server is to monitor and audit the access logs. The resource server should record and analyze the access requests, responses, errors, and anomalies that occur on the resource server. The resource server should also alert and respond to any suspicious or malicious activities, such as unauthorized or excessive access, failed or invalid tokens, or unusual patterns or behaviors. By monitoring and auditing the access logs, the resource server can detect and mitigate potential attacks and improve the security posture of the resource server.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How do you protect the resource server from replay attacks and token leakage?

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1 Use HTTPS

2 Validate access tokens

3 Implement nonce and state

4 Use short-lived and revocable access tokens

5 Apply least privilege and fine-grained access control

6 Monitor and audit access logs

7 Here’s what else to consider

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