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How do you know if your object-oriented design is effective?

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Object-oriented design (OOD) is a process of creating software systems that follow the principles of abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. OOD aims to make software more reusable, maintainable, and extensible by defining classes, objects, methods, and relationships. But how do you know if your OOD is effective? How do you measure the quality and suitability of your design? In this article, you will learn about some criteria and techniques that can help you evaluate and improve your OOD.

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Paulo Zemek

Software Engineer - I talk to computers and they understand me even without AI, we just speak the same language

1 Cohesion and coupling

Cohesion and coupling are two important concepts that measure how well the components of your software system are related and interact with each other. Cohesion refers to the degree of similarity and consistency among the responsibilities of a class or a module. Coupling refers to the degree of dependency and communication among the classes or modules. A good OOD should have high cohesion and low coupling, meaning that each class or module should have a clear and focused purpose, and should minimize its connections and dependencies with other classes or modules. This way, you can avoid unnecessary complexity, redundancy, and fragility in your code.

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2 SOLID principles

SOLID is an acronym that stands for five design principles that can help you achieve high cohesion and low coupling in your OOD. They are: single responsibility, open-closed, Liskov substitution, interface segregation, and dependency inversion. Each principle provides a guideline for defining the roles, responsibilities, and relationships of your classes and interfaces. By following the SOLID principles, you can make your code more readable, testable, and adaptable to changing requirements.

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Paulo Zemek

Software Engineer - I talk to computers and they understand me even without AI, we just speak the same language
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SOLID principles should stop to be used as OOP principles. In fact, SOLID might be seen as a clarification of some OOP principles but, even then, it is somewhat a forced thing. In fact, as many of these articles, this articles talks a lot without any examples to help fix concepts. Those are the most important.

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3 Design patterns

Design patterns are reusable solutions to common problems that arise in OOD. They are not specific code snippets, but rather general concepts and strategies that can be applied to different situations and contexts. Design patterns can help you simplify your code, avoid reinventing the wheel, and communicate your design intentions more clearly. Some examples of design patterns are: factory, singleton, observer, strategy, and decorator. You can use design patterns as references and inspiration for your OOD, but you should not force them into your code if they do not fit the problem or the domain.

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4 Code metrics

Code metrics are quantitative measures that can help you assess the quality and complexity of your code. They can provide you with useful feedback and insights about your OOD, such as: how many lines of code, classes, methods, and parameters are in your system; how well your code follows the naming conventions and coding standards; how much duplication, cyclomatic complexity, and depth of inheritance are in your code; how many bugs, errors, and warnings are detected by your tools; and how well your code is covered by tests. You can use code metrics as indicators and benchmarks for your OOD, but you should not rely on them blindly or obsess over them.

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5 Peer review

Peer review is a process of having your code reviewed by other developers who can provide you with constructive feedback and suggestions for improvement. Peer review can help you identify and fix the flaws, gaps, and inconsistencies in your OOD, as well as learn from the best practices and experiences of others. Peer review can also foster collaboration, communication, and knowledge sharing among your team members. You can use peer review as a regular and iterative practice for your OOD, but you should also be open-minded, respectful, and willing to learn from others.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Paulo Zemek

Software Engineer - I talk to computers and they understand me even without AI, we just speak the same language
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The entire article seems to forget one of the simplest ways to test effectiveness. Give the OOP solution to other developers and see how they use it, what problems they will face and even what bad-practices will appear. Most of OOP principles were created with the idea of simplify complex problems. People who don't understand some resources might abuse them and create hard to use solutions... and here, we are talking about solutions to other developers. So... simple... create any kind of library, any set of classes, and give it to less experienced developers, and see what happens. What they do right, what they do wrong. What they simply cannot do and ask for help... and then you validate your overall OOP/library.

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How do you know if your object-oriented design is effective?

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1 Cohesion and coupling

2 SOLID principles

3 Design patterns

4 Code metrics

5 Peer review

6 Here’s what else to consider

Object Oriented Design

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