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How do you evaluate the effectiveness and impact of CISM services?

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Critical incident stress management (CISM) is a comprehensive approach to help people cope with the psychological effects of traumatic events, such as disasters, violence, accidents, or loss. CISM services include pre-incident education, crisis intervention, debriefing, defusing, peer support, and referral to specialized care. But how do you know if these services are working and making a positive difference in the lives of those affected? In this article, you will learn how to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of CISM services using various methods and tools.

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1 Define your goals and indicators

Before you can measure the outcomes of your CISM services, you need to define what you want to achieve and how you will track your progress. For example, some common goals of CISM are to reduce distress, enhance coping, prevent post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and promote recovery and resilience. To assess these goals, you need to identify indicators that reflect the changes you expect to see in the people you serve. For example, some indicators of reduced distress are lower levels of anxiety, depression, anger, or guilt. Some indicators of enhanced coping are increased self-efficacy, social support, or problem-solving skills.

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Robert Hendrickson

Vice President, Sonalysts, Inc.
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This is a good micro/ individual-level perspective. But there are also macro-level goals to be considered: reducing agency attrition, lowering agency healthcare costs, improving workplace climate, etc. Since evaluations of CISM efficacy will likely be initiated at the agency- level, it is important to include the agency-level benefits of an effective CISM program.

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2 Choose your methods and tools

Once you have your goals and indicators, you need to choose the methods and tools that will help you collect and analyze the data. There are different types of methods and tools that can be used for evaluation, such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, observations, tests, or records. Depending on your resources, time, and purpose, you may use one or more of these methods and tools to gather feedback from the people you serve, their families, your staff, or other stakeholders. For example, you may use a survey to measure the satisfaction and perceived benefits of your CISM services, an interview to explore the personal experiences and stories of your participants, or a test to assess the psychological symptoms and functioning of your clients.

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Robert Hendrickson

Vice President, Sonalysts, Inc.
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These are all excellent micro-level survey approaches. Not to beat a dead horse, but you did mention records... i would Al's include reviewing longer-term trends in climate surveys, costs associated with healthcare and mental healthcare, and company attrition and correlate those as possible lagging indicators to a significant CISM-informed event. Exit interview comments could also help identify possible shortfalls in a CISM program.

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3 Compare your results and benchmarks

After you have collected and analyzed your data, you need to compare your results with your benchmarks. Benchmarks are the standards or criteria that you use to judge the quality and impact of your CISM services. They can be based on your own expectations, the best practices in the field, the needs and preferences of your target population, or the requirements of your funders or regulators. For example, you may compare your results with the goals and indicators that you set at the beginning of your evaluation, the evidence-based guidelines and recommendations from the literature, the feedback and suggestions from your participants or partners, or the performance and accountability measures from your sponsors or authorities.

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4 Communicate and apply your findings

The final step of your evaluation is to communicate and apply your findings to improve your CISM services and inform your decisions. You need to report your results in a clear, concise, and credible way to your intended audience, using the appropriate format, language, and visuals. You also need to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of your CISM services, the limitations and challenges of your evaluation, and the implications and recommendations for your practice. For example, you may use a report, a presentation, a newsletter, or a website to share your findings with your staff, your participants, your funders, or the public. You may also use your findings to plan, modify, or expand your CISM services, to identify the areas for further research or training, or to advocate for more resources or support for your work.

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How do you evaluate the effectiveness and impact of CISM services?

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1 Define your goals and indicators

2 Choose your methods and tools

3 Compare your results and benchmarks

4 Communicate and apply your findings

5 Here’s what else to consider

Critical Incident Stress Management

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