How do you design and optimize a core sampling and preservation program?

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Petrophysical interpretation of core data is a vital step in reservoir characterization and evaluation. Core data provides direct measurements of the rock properties and fluid saturation, which can be used to calibrate and validate other data sources, such as logs and seismic. However, core data is not always available, reliable, or representative of the reservoir. Therefore, it is important to design and optimize a core sampling and preservation program that ensures the quality and quantity of the core data. In this article, we will discuss some key aspects of core sampling and preservation, and how they affect the petrophysical interpretation of core data.

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1 Core sampling methods

There are different methods of core sampling, depending on the type of core, the drilling fluid, and the reservoir conditions. The most common methods are conventional coring, sidewall coring, and rotary sidewall coring. Conventional coring involves cutting a cylindrical core from the wellbore using a core bit and a core barrel. Sidewall coring uses a wireline tool that fires a bullet-shaped corer into the formation and retrieves it. Rotary sidewall coring uses a similar tool, but with a rotating corer that drills into the formation. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, such as cost, recovery rate, core quality, and operational risks. The choice of the core sampling method depends on the objectives, budget, and constraints of the project.

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Ryan Banas P.G.

Principal at PetroRes Consulting
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What is not mentioned here is the sampling design of a coring program. Some use what they call a statistical method (which is not so in any sense) by cutting core samples in a fixed spacing. Another popular technique is to select organic shales while ignoring all other rock types. This will produce a data set that will help you very little with hybrid zones or other formations that hydraulic fractures may intersect. A good core sampling program should utilize whatever data is available--whole core interpretations, subsurface image or wireline logs--build a real statistical distribution of subsurface reservoir properties and sample the distribution evenly, potentially weighting it toward the most occurring rock types in the target reservoir.

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James Mott

Primordial Energy Ltd.
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Owing to the cost and limits to all coring methods; the sidewall tool can only recover a set number of sidewalls cores and with each plug taken and analysis from conventional core means more expense- most all core analysis is invariably always biased towards the most petrophysically or visually good-looking reservoir quality. Objectively compensating for this sampling bias in any subsequent analysis is rather important because the bulk of the reservoir interval may prove different from that sampled.

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2 Core preservation techniques

Once the core is retrieved from the wellbore, it needs to be preserved to prevent any changes in the rock properties and fluid saturation due to exposure to air, temperature, pressure, or contamination. Core preservation techniques can be classified into two categories: in-situ preservation and laboratory preservation. In-situ preservation aims to maintain the core in its original state by sealing it in a container with the same pressure and temperature as the reservoir. Laboratory preservation involves treating the core with chemicals or fluids to stabilize it or simulate the reservoir conditions. The choice of the core preservation technique depends on the type of core, the analysis required, and the availability of facilities and equipment.

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John Davies

Looking to share fellowship, experience and joy through conversation, images and text.
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Coring and core evaluation potentially provide the most critical information for evaluating potential commerciality of the project. It is also one of the most expensive parts of the evaluation program. Careful planning, near flawless execution and comprehensive documentation of all elements of the program is essential. Make sure you have captured and shared the advice of all who will design and execute: the coring program, core analysis, and integrate the analysis of the core data with all other well and regional geoscience data. Insure all of the decision team is fully informed of all progress and that they have designated alternates if they are not available.

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3 Core analysis procedures

Core analysis is the process of measuring and evaluating the rock properties and fluid saturation of the core samples. Core analysis can be divided into two types: routine core analysis (RCA) and special core analysis (SCAL). RCA involves measuring the basic properties of the core, such as porosity, permeability, grain density, and fluid saturation, using standard laboratory methods. SCAL involves measuring more advanced properties of the core, such as capillary pressure, relative permeability, electrical resistivity, and wettability, using specialized laboratory methods. The choice of the core analysis procedures depends on the type of core, the preservation technique, and the petrophysical interpretation objectives.

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4 Core-log integration

Core-log integration is the process of comparing and correlating the core data and the log data to improve the accuracy and reliability of the petrophysical interpretation. Core-log integration can be done at different levels, such as visual, statistical, graphical, or analytical. The main steps of core-log integration are: depth matching, data quality control, parameter selection, data normalization, correlation analysis, and interpretation synthesis. Core-log integration can help to identify and resolve any discrepancies or uncertainties between the core data and the log data, and to derive or refine the petrophysical models and parameters.

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5 Core-seismic integration

Core-seismic integration is the process of linking the core data and the seismic data to enhance the reservoir characterization and evaluation. Core-seismic integration can be done at different scales, such as well, reservoir, or field. The main steps of core-seismic integration are: seismic attribute extraction, rock physics modeling, seismic inversion, and interpretation validation. Core-seismic integration can help to calibrate and validate the seismic data with the core data, and to extrapolate the petrophysical properties and fluid saturation from the well to the reservoir or field.

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6 Core data management

Core data management is the process of storing, organizing, and accessing the core data and its associated information. Core data management is essential for ensuring the quality, consistency, and availability of the core data for current and future use. Core data management involves several tasks, such as data acquisition, data processing, data archiving, data retrieval, data visualization, and data sharing. Core data management can be done using different tools and platforms, such as databases, spreadsheets, software applications, or web portals. Core data management can help to optimize the core data workflow and to support the petrophysical interpretation and decision making.

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How do you design and optimize a core sampling and preservation program?

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1 Core sampling methods

2 Core preservation techniques

3 Core analysis procedures

4 Core-log integration

5 Core-seismic integration

6 Core data management

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