How do you design a fault-tolerant solution architecture using microservices and circuit breakers?

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Fault tolerance is the ability of a system to continue functioning despite failures or errors in some of its components. Microservices are an architectural style that divides a complex application into smaller, independent, and loosely coupled services that communicate through APIs. Circuit breakers are a design pattern that prevents cascading failures in distributed systems by monitoring the health of service calls and breaking the connection when a threshold of errors or timeouts is reached. In this article, you will learn how to design a fault-tolerant solution architecture using microservices and circuit breakers.

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Rohit Raj

Lead Engineer at Stellantis | Data Structures & Algorithm | Microservice | Springboot | Azure IOT Hub,Data Bricks, Data…

1 Benefits of microservices

Microservices offer several benefits for building fault-tolerant solutions, such as modularity, which reduces the impact of failures on the whole system and enables faster recovery and updates. Isolation also minimizes the risk of interference and contention among services, improving the resilience and performance of the system. Additionally, the use of different technologies, frameworks, and languages for each service allows for more flexibility and innovation in the system. Lastly, observing metrics, logs, and traces from each service can help monitor the health and behavior of the system as well as identify and troubleshoot issues.

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Rohit Raj

Lead Engineer at Stellantis | Data Structures & Algorithm | Microservice | Springboot | Azure IOT Hub,Data Bricks, Data Factory | AWS| Design Patterns
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?????????? ?????????????????? ???? ?????????????????????????? Fault tolerance describes a system's ability to handle errors and outages without losing functionality. Simply put, it means a system can continue to operate even if something goes wrong. ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????? It is crucial for designing and running reliable systems, especially in microservices architecture. ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????????: - ?????????????? ????????????????: Hystrix helps implement circuit breakers and defines fallback mechanisms. - ??????????????????: Isolate system parts to prevent a single failure from affecting the whole system.

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2 Challenges of microservices

Microservices bring some challenges for ensuring fault tolerance, such as complexity due to the increased number of services, dependencies, and interactions. Communication between services can cause latency, unreliability, and inconsistency, which can affect the system's availability and responsiveness. Additionally, the distributed nature of microservices makes it hard to achieve strong consistency and transactionality, which can lead to data corruption and inconsistency. Furthermore, microservices increase the attack surface and require authentication, authorization, encryption, and compliance.

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Rohit Raj

Lead Engineer at Stellantis | Data Structures & Algorithm | Microservice | Springboot | Azure IOT Hub,Data Bricks, Data Factory | AWS| Design Patterns
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???????????????????? ???? ?????????????????????????? ??????????-?????????????? ?????????????????????????? - Two methods to address this are synchronous and asynchronous calls between microservices. Synchronous calls typically use REST APIs, while asynchronous calls utilize messaging queues, which can be more complex to manage. ???????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? - Testing for vulnerabilities becomes increasingly complex since each microservice communicates through different infrastructure layers. ?????????????????????? - Latency and throughput metrics are vital for enhancing performance and ensuring efficient resource utilization. - Scaling includes both vertical and horizontal scaling,.

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3 Circuit breaker pattern

The circuit breaker pattern is a way to manage communication failures between microservices by implementing a state machine that tracks the success and failure of service calls. It works by allowing all service calls to pass through in the closed state, blocking all service calls and returning an error or a fallback response in the open state, and allowing a limited number of service calls to pass through in the half-open state. If the number or percentage of failures exceeds a predefined threshold, the circuit breaker trips and changes to the open state. After a predefined timeout, it changes to the half-open state. If the service calls succeed, it resets and changes back to the closed state. If they fail, it trips again and changes back to the open state.

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4 Implementing circuit breakers

Implementing circuit breakers in microservices requires careful consideration of the level of abstraction, granularity, and configuration. Common approaches include using a library, such as Hystrix for Java or Polly for .NET, which provides more control and flexibility for developers but requires more coding and testing. Alternatively, a framework such as Spring Boot for Java or Steeltoe for .NET can simplify implementation and standardization of circuit breakers, but limits customization and visibility. Lastly, a proxy service such as Envoy or Istio can act as an intermediary between the client and server services while implementing circuit breaker functionality at the network level, decoupling it from the application code and enabling centralized management and monitoring.

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5 Best practices for circuit breakers

Designing effective and efficient circuit breakers for microservices requires following some best practices. Define meaningful metrics and thresholds for each service call, such as error rate, latency, throughput, and availability, and adjust them to the service characteristics and SLAs. Furthermore, implement fallback strategies, like returning a default value or a cached value, to inform the user about the failure and recovery status. Additionally, monitor and log the circuit breaker events and states to visualize the system health and behavior. Lastly, test and simulate different failure scenarios and circuit breaker configurations to evaluate the impact of the circuit breakers.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How do you design a fault-tolerant solution architecture using microservices and circuit breakers?

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1 Benefits of microservices

2 Challenges of microservices

3 Circuit breaker pattern

4 Implementing circuit breakers

5 Best practices for circuit breakers

6 Here’s what else to consider

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