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How do you choose the best restoration tools and settings for different types of noise?

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Noise is one of the most common and annoying problems in audio mastering. Whether it's hiss, hum, crackle, clicks, pops, or buzz, noise can ruin the clarity, quality, and impact of your sound. But how do you choose the best restoration tools and settings for different types of noise? In this article, you'll learn some tips and tricks to help you identify, reduce, and remove noise from your audio tracks.

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1 Know your noise sources

In order to choose the best restoration tools and settings for different types of noise, it is important to know where the noise is coming from. Noise can originate from a variety of sources, such as recording equipment, the environment, media format, or signal processing. Examples of common noise sources include hiss (high-frequency noise that sounds like air escaping from a tire), hum (low-frequency noise that sounds like a constant drone), crackle (irregular pops or snaps that sound like firecrackers), clicks and pops (short, sharp sounds that sound like clicks or pops), and buzz (mid-frequency noise that sounds like a buzzing insect). By understanding the source of your noise, you can select the right restoration tools and settings to target it.

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2 Use spectral analysis and editing

Spectral analysis and editing is one of the most powerful and versatile restoration tools available. It allows you to visualize the frequency and amplitude of your audio signal over time, so that you can see the shape, color, and intensity of different sounds, including noise. Through spectral editing, you can select, cut, copy, paste, or manipulate specific parts of the spectrum. This enables you to identify the frequency range, duration, and shape of the noise; isolate it from the desired signal; apply filters, equalizers, noise reduction, or other effects to it; and compare the before and after results of your restoration. Spectral analysis and editing can be done with various software applications such as iZotope RX, Adobe Audition, or Audacity.

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3 Choose the right noise reduction algorithm

Noise reduction is an important restoration tool for removing or reducing unwanted noise from your audio signal without affecting the desired signal. There are various algorithms for noise reduction, such as noise gate, which mutes or attenuates the signal below a certain threshold; noise print, which analyzes a sample of the noise and creates a profile to remove or reduce it from the rest of the signal; and adaptive, which adjusts the noise reduction parameters dynamically according to the characteristics of the signal. Selecting the right noise reduction algorithm depends on the type, level, and frequency of the noise, as well as the quality and complexity of the desired signal. However, each algorithm can create artifacts such as pumping, chopping, phasing, smearing, distortion, or loss of detail.

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Paul Ooi

Music Supervisor at Mullaha Records
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iZotope's RX Editor (V10 latest version) is still the industry's preferred and objectively best de-noiser algorithm. From foley work to separating instruments, its versatility is still unmatched in this year (2023), for now.

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4 Adjust the noise reduction parameters carefully

Once you have chosen the right noise reduction algorithm, you need to adjust the noise reduction parameters carefully to achieve optimal results. These settings control how much and how quickly the noise reduction is applied. Examples of common noise reduction parameters include threshold, ratio, attack, and release. Lowering the threshold increases the amount of noise reduction, but it can also affect the signal. A higher ratio increases the amount of noise reduction, but it can also increase artifacts. Faster attacks reduce the noise more quickly, but they can also create artifacts. Slower releases reduce the artifacts more smoothly, but they can also leave some noise. To get a balance between removing enough noise and preserving enough signal, you should listen to your audio signal closely and compare the before and after results.

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5 Use multiple restoration tools and settings in moderation

Finally, you should use multiple restoration tools and settings in moderation to achieve the best results. For instance, spectral editing can remove isolated noise events, like clicks or pops, while noise print can reduce consistent noise, such as hum or buzz. Adaptive noise reduction is useful for variable noise, like crackle or hiss. Additionally, equalization can reduce the frequency range of the noise, while compression and limiting can prevent clipping or distortion from the noise. However, too many tools or settings can degrade the quality and integrity of your audio signal, resulting in loss of detail, clarity, or naturalness; a change of tone, timbre, or color; alteration of dynamics, transients, or envelope; and introduction of distortion, modulation, or aliasing. Moreover, you should use your ears and your judgment to decide when enough is enough. Sometimes a little bit of noise is acceptable or even desirable for adding character, warmth, or realism to your sound.

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Paul Ooi

Music Supervisor at Mullaha Records
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It's good to really know your tools and utilise them appropriately, using your experience to discern what's "natural" and preserving them. Knowing when to push and when to ease off parameters. In this case, my weapon of choice for post-treatment is RX10, so learning the qualities and limitations of each module and applying them appropriately, depending on what the situation calls for.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How do you choose the best restoration tools and settings for different types of noise?

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1 Know your noise sources

2 Use spectral analysis and editing

3 Choose the right noise reduction algorithm

4 Adjust the noise reduction parameters carefully

5 Use multiple restoration tools and settings in moderation

6 Here’s what else to consider

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