How do you balance performance and reliability in spacecraft design?

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Designing a spacecraft is a complex and challenging task that requires balancing multiple factors, such as performance, reliability, cost, safety, and mission objectives. Performance refers to how well the spacecraft can perform its intended functions, such as maneuvering, communicating, sensing, and delivering payloads. Reliability refers to how likely the spacecraft can survive and operate in the harsh and uncertain environment of space, such as radiation, thermal extremes, micrometeoroids, and orbital debris. How do you balance performance and reliability in spacecraft design? Here are some principles and practices that can help you achieve this goal.

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1 Define the requirements

The first step in balancing performance and reliability is to define the requirements for the spacecraft and its mission. What are the primary and secondary objectives of the mission? What are the constraints and assumptions? What are the expected operational scenarios and conditions? What are the critical functions and subsystems of the spacecraft? What are the performance criteria and metrics? What are the reliability targets and standards? By answering these questions, you can establish the scope and specifications of the spacecraft design and identify the trade-offs and risks involved.

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Tejaswi R Seith

Engineer & manager in the space industry. On the lookout for new opportunities.
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This question reminds me of Adam Steltzner's famous quote, "If you're not crashing enough, you're not innovating enough." Innovation drives progress in spacecraft design. It's simple. You push the boundaries of innovation, embrace risks as they come, keep learning and iterating, and find the balance.

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Renee Frohnert, MBA

Space Pioneer || NXTGEN Astronaut @ Virgin Galactic || Lecturer @ Cornell University
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Requirements Development is arguably the most crucial step in the lifecycle phase. If you have incorrect mission requirements and start designing, building, or testing the spacecraft it can be very costly and timely to redesign. To ensure you make it to verification with no or limited design changes, discuss the requirements with all stakeholders including production, manufacturing, engineering, quality, and the customer. This should be done during and after a Systems Requirements Review (SRR).

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Martina Dimoska

Analog Astronaut | Founder & President ISA | Google WTMA | Emerging Space Leader - IAF | NASA Space Apps Local Lead | ISU MSS22 | 3 x TEDx Speaker | ASCEND D-12 (AIAA, NOA) |
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In spacecraft design, balancing performance and reliability is a delicate dance. Engineers break down missions, consider cost, schedule, and performance, and manage integration complexity. Reliability is paramount, especially for critical missions. ??

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Roberto Sanchez Garcia

Project Estimator | Bachelor's in Industrial Design
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"We need to shift our perspective and start creating a space infrastructure that can help us expand our capacity to explore and utilize the resources available in space. Instead of relying on a single spacecraft for each mission, we can build a system of ships and stations that can function at different stages of the mission. By doing so, we can extend our supply chain and cater to the specific needs of each mission. In the past, I worked on drilling ships that traveled in frigates, loaded with supplies and personnel. Why should we assume that in space we have to use the same ship for the entire journey?"

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2 Apply redundancy and diversity

One of the most common and effective ways to increase reliability is to apply redundancy and diversity in the spacecraft design. Redundancy means having more than one component or system that can perform the same function, so that if one fails, another can take over. Diversity means having different types or sources of components or systems that can perform the same function, so that if one is affected by a common cause of failure, another is not. For example, a spacecraft may have multiple antennas, sensors, thrusters, batteries, or computers that can switch or backup each other in case of malfunction. However, redundancy and diversity also increase complexity, mass, power, and cost, so they need to be carefully justified and optimized.

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3 Use modular and flexible design

Another way to balance performance and reliability is to use modular and flexible design in the spacecraft architecture. Modular design means dividing the spacecraft into smaller and simpler units that can be assembled, tested, replaced, or upgraded independently. Flexible design means allowing the spacecraft to adapt to changing or unforeseen situations by having multiple modes, configurations, or options. For example, a spacecraft may have detachable or reconfigurable modules, payloads, or instruments that can be added, removed, or modified according to the mission needs. Modular and flexible design can enhance performance by enabling customization and scalability, and improve reliability by facilitating maintenance and repair.

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4 Implement rigorous testing and verification

A crucial step in balancing performance and reliability is to implement rigorous testing and verification in the spacecraft development and operation. Testing and verification mean ensuring that the spacecraft meets the requirements and functions as intended under various conditions and scenarios. Testing and verification can be done at different levels, such as component, subsystem, system, or mission level, and using different methods, such as simulation, analysis, experimentation, or demonstration. Testing and verification can help detect and correct errors, defects, or anomalies in the spacecraft design, fabrication, integration, or launch, and verify and validate the performance and reliability of the spacecraft in orbit.

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Renee Frohnert, MBA

Space Pioneer || NXTGEN Astronaut @ Virgin Galactic || Lecturer @ Cornell University
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Test, verify, and validate the spacecraft at all levels: component, subsystem, and system level. If the vehicle is similar to another design, consider using qualification by similarity to reduce cost and schedule.

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5 Incorporate feedback and learning

The final step in balancing performance and reliability is to incorporate feedback and learning in the spacecraft design process. Feedback and learning mean collecting and analyzing data, information, or knowledge from the spacecraft performance and reliability during its operation or from previous or similar missions. Feedback and learning can help identify and understand the causes and effects of failures, anomalies, or deviations, and provide insights and recommendations for improvement or correction. Feedback and learning can also help update and refine the requirements, models, assumptions, or methods used in the spacecraft design, and enhance the confidence and accuracy of the design decisions.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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??Mohamed Allam??

LinkedIn Top Voice | Tourism & Real Estate Promoter | Family Office Advisor | Space Dreamer | I need a NEW Challenge in My Life
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Launching your own spacecraft? 1. **Dream Big:** Outline those lofty mission goals. 2. **Face the Fear:** Identify obstacles, decide which to tackle first. 3. **Safety Net:** Have plan Bs for everything, especially the big stuff. 4. **Prevention is Better Than Cure:** Look after your space-baby, maintenance is key. 5. **Space-Proof:** Only the sturdiest materials for your star-traveller. 6. **Balance:** It's all about mastering the perfect equilibrium between strong and swift. 7. **Keep Your Cool:** Regulate that temperature, folks! 8. **Practice Makes Perfect:** Test your beauty under faux-space conditions. 9. **Fast Fixes:** Quick detection and mending for any hiccups. 10. **Learn and Grow:** Post-mission, learn, learn, learn, Fly ;-)

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How do you balance performance and reliability in spacecraft design?

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1 Define the requirements

2 Apply redundancy and diversity

3 Use modular and flexible design

4 Implement rigorous testing and verification

5 Incorporate feedback and learning

6 Here’s what else to consider

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