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How do you apply the principle of least knowledge in system development to reduce coupling and complexity?

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The principle of least knowledge, also known as the law of Demeter, is a design guideline for system development that aims to reduce coupling and complexity. Coupling is the degree of interdependence between modules or components, and complexity is the difficulty of understanding and maintaining the system. By applying the principle of least knowledge, you can create more modular, reusable, and robust systems that are easier to test and debug. In this article, we will explain what the principle of least knowledge is, why it is important, and how you can apply it in your system development projects.

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Edgar Lopez-Rojas

CEO & Founder RevAIsor | Visionary Officer & Founder at FinCrime Dynamics | Academic Researcher | The inventor of…
Sary A.

1 What is the principle of least knowledge?

The principle of least knowledge states that a module or component should only interact with a limited set of other modules or components, and only in a well-defined way. This means that a module or component should only communicate with itself, its parameters, its directly created objects, and its own attributes or properties. By relying on their interfaces or contracts, this limits the need for the module to know about the internal details or implementation of other modules or components. This reduces the risk of breaking changes, unintended side effects, or information leakage.

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Edgar Lopez-Rojas

CEO & Founder RevAIsor | Visionary Officer & Founder at FinCrime Dynamics | Academic Researcher | The inventor of FinCrime Vaccines
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I think this principle has many advantages such as: - Scalability using micro-services - IP protection, if you have large teams only a few will know the whole system. - IT team specialization: your team will become an expert in specific components and will push the boundaries to get the component to the max performance. Disadvantages: - the holistic view is reduced - Redundancy and overload of the systems due to increased message traffic or duplicated components that does the same in different forks.

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2 Why is the principle of least knowledge important?

The principle of least knowledge is important because it helps to achieve low coupling and high cohesion in system development. Low coupling means that the modules or components are loosely connected and have minimal dependencies on each other. High cohesion means that the modules or components are focused and have a clear responsibility and functionality. Low coupling and high cohesion make the system more modular, reusable, and robust, as well as easier to test and debug.

Low coupling and high cohesion also improve the readability and maintainability of the code, as the modules or components are more self-contained and self-explanatory. They also enhance the security and privacy of the system, as the modules or components only expose the necessary information and functionality to each other, and avoid exposing sensitive or irrelevant data.

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Sary A.
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As a product manager for a SaaS platform, I've seen how applying the principle of least knowledge in system development can make a real difference. In one project, we were working on a platform with multiple features that were too closely linked. It made updates challenging, and it jeopardized our scalability. But when we broke it down into smaller components with their own interfaces, we limited their knowledge of each other, reducing the complexity of the system. It was a game-changer! The platform became more manageable, and users enjoyed a smoother experience. For anyone building SaaS platforms, the principle of least knowledge is crucial. It helps you build a robust, adaptable system that can evolve with your business.

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Edgar Lopez-Rojas

CEO & Founder RevAIsor | Visionary Officer & Founder at FinCrime Dynamics | Academic Researcher | The inventor of FinCrime Vaccines
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I agree with this principle, but implementing it requires a good software architect that knows how to connect the components in a proper way that optimises the flow. In my experience, many junior engineers build components that require decoupling and peer reviewing helps to improve this.

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3 How do you apply the principle of least knowledge in system development?

To apply the principle of least knowledge in system development, you need to follow some best practices for design patterns, coding style, and refactoring. Abstraction and encapsulation can be used to hide the internal details and implementation of the modules or components, while composition and delegation should be used instead of inheritance and subclassing. Dependency injection or inversion of control can be used to decouple the modules or components from their dependencies, while refactoring techniques can be employed to reduce unnecessary interactions between modules. For example, the extract method, extract class, or introduce parameter object techniques can break down complex methods or classes into simpler ones, while the hide delegate, remove middle man, or inline method techniques can remove intermediate or redundant methods or classes.

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Rajani Kumar Sindavalam, PMP?

Driving medical device innovation through rigorous program management and holistic systems engineering
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Having an interaction matrix is key in developing the right system. This matrix will help in designing the system, troubleshooting the system and to perform successful design changes over time.

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4 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Edgar Lopez-Rojas

CEO & Founder RevAIsor | Visionary Officer & Founder at FinCrime Dynamics | Academic Researcher | The inventor of FinCrime Vaccines
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Few more items to consider: - Prototyping vs MVP vs Maintaining legacy code. When does this principle really apply, and how to do the best out of it? - In my experience, it is less relevant in prototyping, a bit more in MVP, but crucial when we have an enterprise-ready product.

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How do you apply the principle of least knowledge in system development to reduce coupling and complexity?

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1 What is the principle of least knowledge?

2 Why is the principle of least knowledge important?

3 How do you apply the principle of least knowledge in system development?

4 Here’s what else to consider

System Development

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How do you apply the principle of least knowledge in system development to reduce coupling and complexity?

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4

1 What is the principle of least knowledge?

2 Why is the principle of least knowledge important?

3 How do you apply the principle of least knowledge in system development?

4 Here’s what else to consider

System Development

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