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How do you apply cellular planning principles to different environments and scenarios?

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Cellular planning is the process of designing and optimizing a cellular network to provide reliable and efficient wireless services. It involves various aspects such as frequency allocation, cell size, cell shape, cell layout, antenna configuration, power control, handover, and interference management. Cellular planning principles are based on the trade-off between coverage, capacity, and quality of service, and they depend on the characteristics of the environment and the user demand. In this article, you will learn how to apply cellular planning principles to different environments and scenarios, such as urban, rural, indoor, and emergency situations.

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Sergio Ivan Pereda Saca

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1 Urban environment

Urban environments pose many challenges for cellular planning, such as high user density, complex terrain, multipath propagation, and co-channel interference. To cope with these challenges, cellular planners need to use high-frequency bands, small cells, directional antennas, micro-diversity, and adaptive modulation and coding. High-frequency bands allow more bandwidth and spectrum reuse, but they also have higher attenuation and shadowing. Small cells reduce the cell radius and increase the capacity, but they also require more base stations and handovers. Directional antennas focus the signal in a specific direction and reduce the interference, but they also need accurate alignment and tilt. Micro-diversity combines the signals from multiple antennas to improve the quality, but it also increases the complexity and cost. Adaptive modulation and coding adjusts the data rate and error correction according to the channel conditions, but it also requires feedback and coordination.

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2 Rural environment

Rural environments have different requirements for cellular planning, such as low user density, large coverage area, flat terrain, and limited infrastructure. To meet these requirements, cellular planners need to use low-frequency bands, large cells, omnidirectional antennas, macro-diversity, and power control. Low-frequency bands have lower bandwidth and spectrum reuse, but they also have lower attenuation and shadowing. Large cells increase the cell radius and reduce the number of base stations and handovers, but they also reduce the capacity and quality. Omnidirectional antennas radiate the signal in all directions and simplify the installation and maintenance, but they also increase the interference and waste the power. Macro-diversity combines the signals from different base stations to improve the coverage, but it also requires synchronization and handover. Power control adjusts the transmit power according to the distance and interference, but it also requires feedback and coordination.

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Sergio Ivan Pereda Saca

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To improve communication, you must allow the next cell site to that user with the longest time on air. I believe these will generate more user time and benefits to the owner of the cell site; therefore, creating more profitable cell sites.

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Artemi Glazkov

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"Rural environments have different requirements for cellular planning, such as low user density, large coverage area, flat terrain, and limited infrastructure." I think the above confuses requirements with conditions. Requirements = to provide a service to a user with specific quality. Ether in rural areas or in the city these would be the same or close. But the environmental conditions are differens, thus different approach to the design etc.

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3 Indoor environment

Indoor environments have specific characteristics for cellular planning, such as high penetration loss, high multipath propagation, high user mobility, and heterogeneous networks. To overcome these characteristics, cellular planners need to use distributed antenna systems (DAS), femtocells, Wi-Fi offloading, and network selection. DAS are networks of antennas connected to a central base station that provide uniform coverage and quality inside a building, but they also require cabling and integration. Femtocells are small base stations that connect to the cellular network via broadband and provide local coverage and capacity inside a home or office, but they also require authorization and interference management. Wi-Fi offloading transfers some of the cellular traffic to Wi-Fi networks that provide higher data rates and lower costs inside a hotspot, but they also require authentication and security. Network selection allows the user to choose the best available network according to the preferences and policies, but it also requires coordination and seamless handover.

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Sergio Ivan Pereda Saca

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It could be said, that having these networks will ease the communication transfer, nonetheless, these transfers occurs after authentication protocols. Such is the case, that transfer in sites will become faster by allowing less restrictions to the user with longest time in communication, because, the Transfer of data, voice and video are necessary to increase profitability, communication satisfaction and endurance, which every cell site owner is after. We need to improve our time sharing for the handover protocol to be faster.

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4 Emergency scenario

Emergency scenarios have urgent and critical needs for cellular planning, such as high demand, unpredictable events, damaged infrastructure, and limited resources. To address these needs, cellular planners need to use rapid deployment systems (RDS), satellite communications, cognitive radio, and network resilience. RDS are portable and flexible base stations that can be deployed quickly and easily in a disaster area to provide temporary coverage and capacity, but they also require power supply and backhaul. Satellite communications provide global coverage and reliable communication in remote and isolated areas, but they also require high cost and have high latency. Cognitive radio is a technology that enables the dynamic and opportunistic use of the spectrum by sensing and adapting to the environment, but it also requires spectrum sensing and sharing. Network resilience is the ability of the network to recover and maintain its functionality in the face of failures and attacks, but it also requires redundancy and security.

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Sergio Ivan Pereda Saca

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I remember, that in programming a cell phone, we had to imput of access to a cellsite based on of the first responders as 1 and then the rest of users will come after that. We must return to those basis.

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Sergio Ivan Pereda Saca

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I remember the Northridge Earquake, we had programmed users to access the cellsites near in order of 1-0 being 0 the last to access the cellsite nearby. These allowed first responders access to cellsites that became overwhelmed by users and we were allowed to respond to emergencies a lot faster, and, rellay longer conversation to secondary users.

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How do you apply cellular planning principles to different environments and scenarios?

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1 Urban environment

2 Rural environment

3 Indoor environment

4 Emergency scenario

5 Here’s what else to consider

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