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How do LEO satellites reduce latency and improve bandwidth for SATCOM?

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Satellite communications (SATCOM) rely on orbiting spacecraft to transmit and receive signals across large distances. However, not all satellites are the same. Depending on their altitude, they can have different effects on latency and bandwidth for SATCOM. In this article, you will learn how low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites reduce latency and improve bandwidth compared to geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites.

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Peter Hays

Senior Advisor and Professor
Erick Moreira

Engenheiro de Telecomunica??es | Redes | Infraestrutura | Seguran?a | Projetos | Tecnologia | Comunica??o | Cisco |…

1 What is latency and bandwidth?

Latency is the time it takes for a signal to travel from one point to another. Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transferred per unit of time. Both latency and bandwidth affect the quality and speed of SATCOM. Ideally, you want low latency and high bandwidth for smooth and reliable communication.

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Erick Moreira

Engenheiro de Telecomunica??es | Redes | Infraestrutura | Seguran?a | Projetos | Tecnologia | Comunica??o | Cisco | Gest?o | Servi?os | Contratos | Suporte
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Complementando o que o amigo Randy disse, também podemos utilizar a conex?o via satélite para telemetria, acesso à internet e telefonia, ambas as situa??es onde n?o é possível conectar por outros meios (fibra, rádio e rede móvel).

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2 How does altitude affect latency and bandwidth?

The altitude of a satellite determines how far it is from the Earth and how fast it moves around it. GEO satellites are about 36,000 km above the equator and stay in sync with the Earth's rotation. This means they always cover the same area and can provide constant coverage. However, this also means they have high latency, as the signal has to travel a long distance to reach them and back. The average round-trip latency for GEO satellites is about 500 milliseconds. GEO satellites also have limited bandwidth, as they share a fixed frequency spectrum with other satellites in the same orbit.

LEO satellites are much closer to the Earth, ranging from 200 to 2,000 km in altitude. They move faster than the Earth's rotation and complete an orbit in about 90 minutes. This means they cover different areas and can provide global coverage with a network of satellites. However, this also means they have to switch between satellites as they pass over the horizon. The average round-trip latency for LEO satellites is about 50 milliseconds, which is 10 times lower than GEO satellites. LEO satellites also have higher bandwidth, as they can use higher frequency bands that are less congested and have less interference.

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Mohammed Minhajuddin

5G VoNR / VoLTE / IMS / UCC / NB-IoT Specialist | TELECOM | SATCOM Service Professional | I Help end to end (E2E) Troubleshooting | Microsoft Certified: DevOps Engineer Expert
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LEO satellites' proximity to the Earth's surface, shorter signal travel distance, faster propagation, increased bandwidth, network redundancy, lower power requirements, and adaptability to diverse use cases collectively contribute to reduced latency and improved bandwidth for SATCOM, making them a compelling choice for modern satellite communication needs.

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3 What are the benefits of LEO satellites for SATCOM?

LEO satellites offer several benefits for SATCOM, especially for applications that require low latency and high bandwidth. For example, LEO satellites can enable faster and more responsive internet access, video conferencing, cloud computing, online gaming, and remote sensing. LEO satellites can also provide better coverage and availability for rural and remote areas, maritime and aviation sectors, and disaster relief and emergency response.

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4 What are the challenges of LEO satellites for SATCOM?

LEO satellites also pose some challenges for SATCOM, especially for the design, deployment, and operation of the satellite network. For example, LEO satellites require more satellites to cover the same area as GEO satellites, which increases the cost and complexity of the network. LEO satellites also have shorter lifespans and need more frequent replacements and upgrades. LEO satellites also have to deal with more orbital debris and collision risks, as well as more regulatory and coordination issues with other satellite operators and users.

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5 How can you use LEO satellites for SATCOM?

If you want to use LEO satellites for SATCOM, you need to have a compatible terminal and service provider. The terminal is the device that connects to the satellite network and enables communication. The terminal can be fixed or mobile, depending on your needs and preferences. The terminal has to be able to track and switch between multiple LEO satellites as they move across the sky. The service provider is the company that offers access to the satellite network and provides the communication services. The service provider can vary in terms of pricing, performance, coverage, and features. You have to compare and choose the best option for your SATCOM needs and goals.

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Tolga Ors

Head of R&D and Software Engineering | New Space | NeuroAI | SatCom | Robotics | Program Management (PMP and Prince2 Agile) | Consulting
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Although many LEO satellite constellation operators promise to connect the unconnected, the reality is that the satellite terminals to enable connectivity are still cost prohibitive, slowing the uptake of SATCOM. Recently there is a new disruptive technology idea, which is satellite direct to mobile phone connectivity. This means that no new terminal is needed to connect to the satellite network. In addition, standards like 5G are supported which means that the LEO satellites seamlessly complement the terrestrial infrastructure.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Peter Hays

Senior Advisor and Professor
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Naturally occurring space radiation and radiation caused by a high altitude nuclear detonation (HAND) are not addressed. LEO satellites normally operate in a region with limited radiation due to the configuration of the Van Allen radiation belts and they do not usually have the same level of radiation hardening as satellites operating in other orbits. Following a HAND, LEO radiation increases 3-4 orders of magnitude and would cause failure of all LEO satellites in weeks to months unless they are specifically hardened against this effect

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How do LEO satellites reduce latency and improve bandwidth for SATCOM?

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1 What is latency and bandwidth?

2 How does altitude affect latency and bandwidth?

3 What are the benefits of LEO satellites for SATCOM?

4 What are the challenges of LEO satellites for SATCOM?

5 How can you use LEO satellites for SATCOM?

6 Here’s what else to consider

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