How do launch systems balance the trade-offs between cost, performance, and sustainability?

1 Launch emissions

One of the main environmental impacts of launch systems is the emission of gases and particles into the atmosphere. Depending on the type and amount of propellant used, launch emissions can contribute to ozone depletion, global warming, acid rain, and air pollution. Some of the most harmful substances emitted by launch systems are chlorine, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, and aluminum oxide. Launch emissions can also affect the local air quality and health of nearby communities.

2 Launch noise

Another environmental impact of launch systems is the noise generated by the rocket engines and the sonic boom. Launch noise can cause damage to buildings, wildlife, and human health. Launch noise can also interfere with communication and navigation systems, and pose a security risk. To mitigate the effects of launch noise, launch sites are usually located in remote areas, away from populated centers. Launch operators also have to follow noise limits and restrictions imposed by local authorities and agencies.

3 Launch debris

A third environmental impact of launch systems is the debris generated by the rocket stages, fairings, and payloads. Launch debris can fall back to Earth or remain in orbit, creating hazards for other spacecraft and the environment. Launch debris can also contain hazardous materials, such as hydrazine, that can contaminate the soil and water. To reduce the amount and risk of launch debris, launch operators have to follow certain guidelines and best practices, such as minimizing the number of parts, using reusable or disposable components, and ensuring a safe reentry or disposal of the debris.

4 Launch regulations

To address the environmental impacts of launch systems, there are various regulations and standards that govern the launch activities and operations. Launch regulations can vary by country, region, and organization, but they generally aim to protect the environment, public safety, and national security. Some of the main launch regulations are the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which evaluates the potential effects of a launch on the environment and proposes mitigation measures; the Launch License, which authorizes a launch operator to conduct a launch under certain conditions and requirements; and the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, which provide recommendations and principles for minimizing the generation and impact of space debris.

5 Launch sustainability

Given the increasing demand and frequency of launches, especially for small satellites and commercial ventures, there is a need to ensure the sustainability of launch systems and the space environment. Launch sustainability refers to the ability of launch systems to meet the current and future needs of space exploration and utilization, while minimizing the environmental impacts and maximizing the social and economic benefits. Some of the factors that contribute to launch sustainability are the use of green or low-carbon propellants, the development of reusable or recyclable launch vehicles, the adoption of cleaner and quieter launch technologies, and the promotion of international cooperation and coordination.