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How can you use parametric modeling to create custom facade systems in Rhino?

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Parametric modeling is a powerful tool for creating custom facade systems that respond to various design criteria, such as environmental performance, structural efficiency, aesthetic expression, and fabrication constraints. In this article, you will learn how to use Rhino, a popular 3D modeling software, and Grasshopper, a visual programming plugin, to design and generate different types of facade systems using parametric logic and geometry.

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Iman Sheikhansari

?? Developer | Educator | Innovator
Mehrzad Samadi

Computational designer | Researcher

1 What is parametric modeling?

Parametric modeling is a method of creating 3D models based on a set of parameters and rules that define the relationships between different elements. By changing the values of the parameters, you can manipulate the shape, size, orientation, and configuration of the model. Parametric modeling allows you to explore multiple design options, test different scenarios, and optimize your solutions.

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Iman Sheikhansari

?? Developer | Educator | Innovator
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I see parametric modeling as a transformative tool. It transcends traditional design boundaries, allowing for an unprecedented exploration of forms and functions. By manipulating parameters, we unlock a realm of possibilities, testing scenarios and optimizing designs in ways previously unimaginable. However, this approach requires a deep understanding of the underlying algorithms and their impact on design aesthetics and functionality, ensuring that technology enhances, rather than dictates, architectural creativity.

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2 Why use Rhino and Grasshopper?

Rhino and Grasshopper are widely used in the architecture industry for parametric modeling and generative design. Rhino is a versatile and flexible 3D modeling software that can handle complex geometries and data. Grasshopper is a plugin that extends Rhino's functionality by enabling you to create parametric models using a graphical interface of nodes and wires. Grasshopper lets you create, edit, and visualize your models in real-time, without writing code. You can also use Grasshopper to connect with other software and tools, such as analysis, simulation, fabrication, and rendering applications.

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3 How to set up your parametric model?

To set up your parametric model, you must define the base geometry, facade pattern, facade elements, and facade parameters. You can create the base geometry in Rhino or import it from another program such as SketchUp or Revit. Similarly, you can create the facade pattern in Grasshopper with grids, panels, subdivisions, attractors, curves, images, or data. The individual components that make up your facade system can also be created in Grasshopper using geometrical operations like extrusion, rotation, scaling, offsetting, or lofting. Lastly, the variables that control the behavior and appearance of your facade system can be created in Grasshopper with inputs like sliders, buttons, toggles, lists, or text.

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Iman Sheikhansari

?? Developer | Educator | Innovator
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Setting up a parametric model demands more than technical proficiency. Beyond defining base geometry and facade patterns using tools like Rhino, SketchUp, or Revit, and Grasshopper for facade elements, it's crucial to embed sustainability and intelligent design at every step. Leverage AI and machine learning not just for geometrical operations but to optimize energy efficiency, resource utilization, and environmental impact. The real art lies in balancing aesthetics with functionality, ensuring that our creations are not only visually compelling but also pioneers in sustainable and intelligent design.

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Mehrzad Samadi

Computational designer | Researcher
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I think the first step “Defining the base geometry(ies)” is the most influential part. When we start a parametric modeling process, all we need to know is the basics of geometry, whether in Rhino, Rev it, Ketchup, etc. we don't need to consider energy efficiency or any other factors at the very first steps! Using basic methods such as site, environmental, and accessibility analysis will help us through the form-finding process. (If we are not using AI only and again only as a design assistant.) Using AI can be a good starting point but only (again only) if we have the basic knowledge and can read the geometry from the image. If not maybe we still have to practice the basics of geometry! I may sound old school but we’re not in 2050 yet!

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4 How to evaluate your parametric model?

To evaluate your parametric model, you need to measure and analyze the performance and feasibility of your facade system. Grasshopper can be used to integrate various evaluation tools, such as visual feedback, environmental analysis, structural analysis, and fabrication analysis. Visual feedback provides an immediate and interactive way of seeing how your facade system changes according to your parameters, while environmental analysis assesses how it affects energy consumption, thermal comfort, daylighting, ventilation, and acoustics of your building. Structural analysis determines how your facade system withstands the loads, stresses, and deformations of your building. Lastly, fabrication analysis checks how your facade system can be manufactured, assembled, and installed. Grasshopper can generate different outputs for each tool, such as colors, labels, vectors, diagrams, graphs, fabrication drawings, cut sheets, 3D prints or CNC files.

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Iman Sheikhansari

?? Developer | Educator | Innovator
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I find the integration of Grasshopper for facade system evaluation profoundly impactful. The key lies in its ability to provide immediate, interactive visualizations and detailed analyses of energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and structural resilience. Grasshopper's versatility in generating diverse outputs, from simple color codes to complex fabrication files, empowers architects to not only envision but also realize sustainable, intelligent building solutions. This convergence of AI and sustainability in architectural design marks a significant stride towards more responsive, eco-conscious, and efficient structures.

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5 How to document and present your parametric model?

To document and present your parametric model, you need to prepare and export different types of deliverables. These include Rhino files (.3dm, .dwg, .dxf, .obj, or .stl), Grasshopper files (.gh or .ghx), images and animations (.jpg, .png, .gif, or .mp4), and reports and diagrams (.pdf, .doc, .xls, or .ppt). You can use Rhino and Grasshopper to create custom user interfaces, different views, perspectives, styles, and effects for your images and animations. Additionally, you can generate different reports and diagrams such as data tables, charts, legends, annotations or schedules.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Architecture

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How can you use parametric modeling to create custom facade systems in Rhino?

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1 What is parametric modeling?

2 Why use Rhino and Grasshopper?

3 How to set up your parametric model?

4 How to evaluate your parametric model?

5 How to document and present your parametric model?

6 Here’s what else to consider

Architecture

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