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How can you optimize titration for accuracy?

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Titration is a common laboratory technique that involves measuring the volume of a solution of known concentration (the titrant) that is required to react completely with a solution of unknown concentration (the analyte). The point at which the reaction is complete is called the endpoint, and it is usually indicated by a color change, a pH change, or an electrical signal. Titration is used to determine the concentration, purity, or identity of various substances, such as acids, bases, salts, metals, or organic compounds. However, titration is not a flawless method, and it can be affected by various sources of error, such as human judgment, equipment calibration, environmental conditions, or chemical interference. Therefore, it is important to optimize titration for accuracy, which means minimizing the uncertainty and maximizing the precision of the results. Here are some tips on how to do that.

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Alfan Danny Arbianto

| Researcher | R&D | Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology | Natural Product | Pharmaceutical…

1 Choose the right titrant

The titrant should be compatible with the analyte and the indicator, and it should have a known and stable concentration. The titrant should also have a high purity and a low water content, as impurities and moisture can alter its concentration and affect the accuracy of the titration. Additionally, the titrant should have a reasonable reaction rate and a clear endpoint with the analyte, to avoid overshooting or undershooting the volume. Some common titrants are sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, potassium permanganate, and iodine.

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2 Calibrate the equipment

The equipment used for titration, such as the burette, the pipette, the flask, and the balance, should be calibrated before each use, to ensure that they deliver or measure the correct volume or mass of the solutions. Calibration can be done by using standard solutions, distilled water, or reference weights, depending on the type of equipment. Calibration can also help to detect any leaks, cracks, or blockages in the equipment, which can cause errors in the titration. Moreover, the equipment should be cleaned and rinsed thoroughly before and after each use, to avoid any contamination or residue.

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3 Control the conditions

The conditions of the titration, such as the temperature, the pressure, the humidity, and the light, should be controlled as much as possible, to prevent any changes in the concentration, the density, or the stability of the solutions. For example, temperature can affect the volume and the solubility of the solutions, pressure can affect the gas exchange and the vapor pressure of the solutions, humidity can affect the water content and the hygroscopicity of the solutions, and light can affect the oxidation and the decomposition of the solutions. Therefore, it is advisable to perform the titration in a stable and consistent environment, and to record any variations in the conditions.

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4 Use a suitable indicator

The indicator is a substance that changes color or produces a signal at or near the endpoint of the titration. The indicator should be chosen according to the type and the strength of the reaction between the titrant and the analyte, and it should have a sharp and distinct color change or signal that matches the endpoint as closely as possible. The indicator should also have a low concentration and a low volume, to avoid affecting the stoichiometry or the equilibrium of the reaction. Some common indicators are phenolphthalein, methyl orange, bromothymol blue, and starch.

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5 Repeat the titration

The titration should be repeated at least three times, to ensure that the results are consistent and reliable. The repeated titrations should have similar volumes and endpoints, and the average volume should be calculated and used for the final calculation. The repeated titrations can also help to identify and eliminate any outliers or anomalies, which can be caused by random errors, such as misreading, spilling, or air bubbles. The standard deviation and the relative error of the results can also be calculated, to estimate the uncertainty and the accuracy of the titration.

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Alfan Danny Arbianto

| Researcher | R&D | Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology | Natural Product | Pharmaceutical Industry | BRIN-ID
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Based on repeatable issues, for example, the analysis of the sulfate content in the sea salt production. One of the quality indicators of a consumable salt product is that the amount of sulfate in the salt is less than 2%. The reality found is that the raw materials obtained from each salt farmer will vary and this will impact the LOQ value of the method we use. For this reason, the precision and variations in the salt raw materials used are needed when developing a sulfate titration method to ensure titration accuracy.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Alfan Danny Arbianto

| Researcher | R&D | Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology | Natural Product | Pharmaceutical Industry | BRIN-ID
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Become aware of the Indicators Expired Date! Some scientists sometimes forget to check the expired date from the titration indicator, in cases using pH indicators such as Phenolphthalein, Methyl Orange, etc. Product quality that exceeds the expiry date means there is a possibility of damage and the appearance of impurities in this indicator. This damage will result in a decrease in the level of sensitivity of the indicators. Therefore, we always need to check the expiration date of the titration indicator that we will use to optimize titration accuracy.

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How can you optimize titration for accuracy?

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1 Choose the right titrant

2 Calibrate the equipment

3 Control the conditions

4 Use a suitable indicator

5 Repeat the titration

6 Here’s what else to consider

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