How can you image subsurface sedimentary basin structures with seismic data?

1 Seismic data acquisition

Seismic data is generated by sending sound waves into the ground and recording their reflections and refractions at different locations. The sound sources can be explosives, air guns, or vibrators, and the receivers can be geophones, hydrophones, or streamers. The configuration and spacing of the sources and receivers determine the resolution and coverage of the seismic data. The seismic data is usually recorded in two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) arrays, depending on the complexity and size of the target area.

2 Seismic data processing

Seismic data processing is the process of transforming the raw seismic data into more useful and accurate images of the subsurface. It involves applying various algorithms and techniques to correct, enhance, filter, and manipulate the seismic data. Some of the common steps in seismic data processing are noise reduction, deconvolution, statics correction, normal moveout correction, velocity analysis, migration, and stacking. The goal of seismic data processing is to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, remove unwanted effects, and preserve or restore the true geometry and amplitude of the seismic reflections.

3 Seismic data interpretation

Seismic data interpretation is the process of extracting geological information from the processed seismic data. It involves identifying and mapping the seismic reflections that correspond to different subsurface layers and structures, such as faults, folds, unconformities, and traps. Seismic data interpretation also involves integrating other types of data, such as well logs, core samples, gravity, magnetic, and geochemical data, to calibrate and constrain the seismic interpretation. The result of seismic data interpretation is a set of seismic sections, maps, and models that describe the geometry, stratigraphy, lithology, and fluid content of the sedimentary basin.

4 Sedimentary basin analysis

Sedimentary basin analysis is the application of seismic data interpretation to understand the origin, evolution, and dynamics of sedimentary basins. It involves reconstructing the tectonic, climatic, and depositional history of the basin, as well as its thermal and burial history. Sedimentary basin analysis also involves evaluating the potential and distribution of natural resources, such as oil, gas, coal, and minerals, within the basin. Sedimentary basin analysis can help to answer questions such as how the basin formed, how it was filled and deformed, how it interacted with other basins and regions, and what are its economic and environmental implications.

5 Seismic data visualization

Seismic data visualization is the process of displaying and exploring the seismic data and interpretation in an effective and interactive way. It involves using various software and hardware tools to create and manipulate 2D or 3D images and animations of the seismic data and interpretation. Seismic data visualization can help to enhance the understanding and communication of the seismic data and interpretation, as well as to identify and resolve any uncertainties or inconsistencies. Seismic data visualization can also help to generate new insights and hypotheses about the sedimentary basin structures.

6 Seismic data challenges

Seismic data is not a perfect representation of the subsurface reality. It has limitations and uncertainties that need to be acknowledged and addressed. Some of the challenges of seismic data are related to the acquisition, processing, and interpretation methods, such as resolution, noise, artifacts, assumptions, and biases. Some of the challenges are related to the complexity and variability of the subsurface geology, such as anisotropy, heterogeneity, multiphase fluid flow, and diagenesis. Some of the challenges are related to the availability and quality of the seismic data and other complementary data, such as cost, access, coverage, and integration. Seismic data challenges require careful and critical analysis, as well as continuous improvement and innovation.

7 Here’s what else to consider

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