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Last updated on 2024年6月12日

How can you create hierarchical structures in software design?

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Software design is the process of creating a plan, structure, and logic for a software system. One of the key aspects of software design is how to organize the components and relationships of the system in a way that is clear, maintainable, and reusable. Hierarchical structures are one of the common ways to achieve this goal. In this article, you will learn what hierarchical structures are, why they are useful, and how to apply them in software design using some examples of design patterns.

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1 What are hierarchical structures?

A hierarchical structure is a way of organizing elements into levels or layers, where each level has a parent-child relationship with the next one. The top level is the root, and the lowest level is the leaf. Each element in a level can have one or more children, but only one parent. For example, a file system is a hierarchical structure, where folders can contain files and subfolders, but each file or folder belongs to only one folder.

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Vinicius Garcia

Product and Technology Designer & Delivery Specialist | Associate Professor at Centro de Informática (UFPE), Associate Research Fellow at SoftexRecife, Timbaleiro e Filho de Gandhi
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Hierarchical structures in software design are systems where components are arranged in a tree-like structure, with each level of the tree representing a layer of abstraction. Each component or module at a higher level controls or encompasses those below it, forming a parent-child relationship. This structure is prevalent in various software architectures, including layered architectures and object-oriented designs, where higher-level objects use and manage lower-level objects.

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2 Why use hierarchical structures?

Hierarchical structures offer many advantages for software design, such as simplifying complexity by breaking down the system into individual parts that can be comprehended and managed separately. They also promote modularity, allowing each part to have its own functions and interface, communicating with other parts through well-defined contracts. Furthermore, hierarchical structures enable reuse by making each part interchangeable and adjustable to different contexts and scenarios. Additionally, they make testing easier by isolating each part and verifying its behavior and quality independently.

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Vinicius Garcia

Product and Technology Designer & Delivery Specialist | Associate Professor at Centro de Informática (UFPE), Associate Research Fellow at SoftexRecife, Timbaleiro e Filho de Gandhi
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Hierarchical structures help manage complexity by breaking down large software systems into smaller, manageable parts. This modularity makes the system easier to understand, develop, and maintain. Hierarchies also facilitate reuse of components, enforce security through encapsulation, and allow for incremental development and testing. By isolating changes to specific layers or modules, these structures can enhance stability and reduce the impact of changes or errors on the overall system.

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3 How to apply hierarchical structures?

When designing software, hierarchical structures can be applied in various ways, depending on the problem domain, the requirements, and the preferences of the designer. Generally speaking, it is important to identify the main entities and concepts of the system and their relationships, group them into logical categories or modules that serve a common purpose or function, arrange the modules into levels or layers that reflect their dependencies and interactions, define the interfaces and contracts between the modules and the layers, and enforce them consistently. Additionally, it is beneficial to refine and refactor the modules and the layers as needed to enhance their cohesion, coupling, and clarity.

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Vinicius Garcia

Product and Technology Designer & Delivery Specialist | Associate Professor at Centro de Informática (UFPE), Associate Research Fellow at SoftexRecife, Timbaleiro e Filho de Gandhi
(已编辑)
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To apply hierarchical structures in software design, start by identifying the core functionalities of your system. Organize these functionalities into groups that represent different levels of abstraction. For example, at the top level, you might have user interface components, with business logic in the middle, and data access operations at the bottom. Each layer should only interact with the layer directly above or below it, following the principle of least knowledge.

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4 Examples of hierarchical structures

Design patterns are a great way to learn and apply hierarchical structures in software design. They provide a common language and template for designing and implementing software systems, often using hierarchical structures to achieve their goals. For example, the Composite pattern allows you to treat a group of objects as one by creating a tree-like structure of components with the same interface. The Decorator pattern adds new functionality to an existing object without modifying its structure or behavior. The Facade pattern simplifies the complex subsystem by creating a wrapper class that delegates requests to the right classes. Finally, the Proxy pattern controls access to another object by creating a placeholder object that forwards requests, with the ability to perform additional operations before or after access.

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Suresh Podeti

Aspiring Gaming Software Architect | MTS III @Neilsen | SDE III (Golang) @JungleeGames| Ex-Byju's | Co-founder @Rupant Tech. | Ex-Synopsys | I.I.T Kharagpur | 8+ Years of Experience
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DNS is one of the well known example with root level, TLD, and authoritative servers arranged in a hierarchical structure. 13 Root servers replicated across the globe are serving entire internet.

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Vinicius Garcia

Product and Technology Designer & Delivery Specialist | Associate Professor at Centro de Informática (UFPE), Associate Research Fellow at SoftexRecife, Timbaleiro e Filho de Gandhi
(已编辑)
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Common examples include the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture, where the Model represents the data layer, the View represents the user interface, and the Controller acts as an intermediary that processes commands, makes requests, and updates the model and views. Another example is the three-tier architecture commonly used in web applications, consisting of the presentation, business logic, and data storage tiers.

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5 How to learn more about hierarchical structures?

Hierarchical structures are a powerful and versatile tool for software design, but there are many other aspects and techniques to master to become a proficient software designer. If you want to learn more about hierarchical structures and other software design topics, consider Software Design: A Comprehensive Guide to Software Architecture and Design by Mark Winteringham, Software Design Patterns: Best Practices for Developers by Gabriel Baptista, Software Design for Flexibility : How to Avoid Programming Yourself into a Corner by Gerald Jay Sussman and Jack Wisdom, or online courses on Coursera, edX, and Udemy. A comprehensive understanding of the various approaches to software design will help you become a more skilled software designer.

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Vinicius Garcia

Product and Technology Designer & Delivery Specialist | Associate Professor at Centro de Informática (UFPE), Associate Research Fellow at SoftexRecife, Timbaleiro e Filho de Gandhi
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To further explore hierarchical structures, consider studying design patterns that use these structures, such as Composite, Decorator, and Chain of Responsibility. Books like "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software" by Gamma et al., and "Clean Architecture" by Robert C. Martin, provide in-depth knowledge on structuring software systems. Online courses and tutorials in software architecture also often cover hierarchical designs.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Vinicius Garcia

Product and Technology Designer & Delivery Specialist | Associate Professor at Centro de Informática (UFPE), Associate Research Fellow at SoftexRecife, Timbaleiro e Filho de Gandhi
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While hierarchical structures offer many benefits, they are not suitable for every situation. Consider the specific needs of your application, the scalability requirements, and the potential for too much coupling between layers. In some cases, a more flat or networked architecture might be more appropriate. Always consider the maintainability and flexibility of the architecture to adapt to future changes in requirements. Additionally, involve stakeholders in architectural decisions to ensure the structure meets both technical and business needs effectively.

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How can you create hierarchical structures in software design?

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1 What are hierarchical structures?

2 Why use hierarchical structures?

3 How to apply hierarchical structures?

4 Examples of hierarchical structures

5 How to learn more about hierarchical structures?

6 Here’s what else to consider

Software Design

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How can you create hierarchical structures in software design?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 What are hierarchical structures?

2 Why use hierarchical structures?

3 How to apply hierarchical structures?

4 Examples of hierarchical structures

5 How to learn more about hierarchical structures?

6 Here’s what else to consider

Software Design

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