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How can you calculate the maximum range of a wireless communication system?

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Wireless communication systems use radio waves to transmit and receive information over the air. The maximum range of a wireless communication system depends on several factors, such as the transmitter power, the receiver sensitivity, the antenna gain, the propagation environment, and the interference level. In this article, you will learn how to calculate the maximum range of a wireless communication system using some basic formulas and assumptions.

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Mohammad Allataifeh

Telecom, Solar Power & Public Safety Technologies Expert Supporting Digital Transformation era
Jonathan Brewer
Shafquat Aman, PMP?, 6σ GB

Technical Project Manager at Comcast

1 Link budget

The first step to calculate the maximum range of a wireless communication system is to determine the link budget. The link budget is the difference between the transmitted power and the received power, measured in decibels (dB). The link budget can be expressed as: Link budget = Transmitted power + Transmitter gain - Path loss - Interference margin - Receiver gain - Receiver sensitivity The link budget tells you how much power is available at the receiver to decode the signal. A positive link budget means that the received power is higher than the receiver sensitivity, which is the minimum power required for a given bit error rate (BER). A negative link budget means that the received power is lower than the receiver sensitivity, which results in a poor signal quality or a loss of connection.

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Mohammad Allataifeh

Telecom, Solar Power & Public Safety Technologies Expert Supporting Digital Transformation era
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Calculating the maximum range of a wireless communication system involves numerous factors and can be a complex process. However, here's a general overview of the key elements involved: 1. Friis Transmission Equation: This equation forms the basis for range calculation and considers factors like; ? Transmitter power (PT) in (W) ? Gain of transmitting antenna (GTA) in (dB) ? Gain of receiving antenna (GRA) in (dB) ? Path loss (PL): Measured in dB ? System noise figure (NF) in (dB) 2. Minimum acceptable received signal power: the received signal power (RSL) must exceed a minimum threshold. 3. Additional factors to consider: ? Terrain and environment ? Frequency used ? Licensing and regulations - Propagation tools used

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Omogbai Martins

Incident Management Specialist || Telecommunications Generalist || Engineering Professional || Fiber Optics Specialist || Research and Technical Writing Consultant || RF Optimization (Planning) Engineer
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? Perform a link budget analysis, accounting for gains and losses in the communication system, including transmitter power, antenna gains, cable losses, and receiver sensitivity. The link budget helps estimate the maximum range under specific conditions. ? Factor in fade margin to account for unpredictable signal fluctuations due to environmental conditions. The fade margin ensures a reliable communication link by providing a buffer against signal variations caused by obstacles, interference, or atmospheric conditions.

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2 Path loss

The second step to calculate the maximum range of a wireless communication system is to estimate the path loss. The path loss is the reduction of the signal strength as it travels from the transmitter to the receiver, due to factors such as distance, reflection, diffraction, scattering, and absorption. The path loss can be calculated using various models, depending on the frequency, the antenna height, and the terrain type. One of the most common models is the free space path loss (FSPL), which assumes a clear line of sight between the transmitter and the receiver. The FSPL can be calculated as: FSPL (dB) = 20 * log10 (d) + 20 * log10 (f) + 32.44 where d is the distance in kilometers, and f is the frequency in megahertz. The FSPL increases with the distance and the frequency, meaning that higher frequencies and longer distances result in higher path losses.

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3 Maximum range

The final step to calculate the maximum range of a wireless communication system is to solve for the distance that satisfies the link budget equation. Assuming that the transmitter and receiver have the same antenna gain, and that there is no interference margin, the maximum range can be found by rearranging the link budget equation as: d (km) = 10 ^ ((Link budget - Transmitted power + Receiver sensitivity - 32.44) / (20 * log10 (f))) For example, if the link budget is 10 dB, the transmitted power is 20 dBm, the receiver sensitivity is -90 dBm, and the frequency is 900 MHz, the maximum range is: d (km) = 10 ^ ((10 - 20 + 90 - 32.44) / (20 * log10 (900))) d (km) = 10 ^ (2.378) d (km) = 23.77 km This means that the wireless communication system can operate reliably up to 23.77 km, assuming a free space propagation environment and no interference.

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Jonathan Brewer
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The provided formula appears to be incorrect. When tested using the given values, the answer is 6.38, not 23.77 10 ^ ((10 - 20 + 90 - 32.44) / (20 * log10 (900))) = 6.38

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4 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Shafquat Aman, PMP?, 6σ GB

Technical Project Manager at Comcast
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In conjunction with the link budget & path loss calculations, there are other factors that may play a crucial role in determining the effective range of a wireless communication link. Lower frequencies typically have better penetration through obstacles, but higher frequencies may offer higher data rates. Consider the trade-offs between frequency & range based on the specific system requirements. The height of the transmitting & receiving antennas above ground level can significantly impact range. Matching the antenna polarization enhances signal strength, otherwise signal degradation will occur. The appropriate MCS used for data transmission affects the system's ability to recover information in the presence of noise & can impact range.

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How can you calculate the maximum range of a wireless communication system?

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4 Here’s what else to consider

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How can you calculate the maximum range of a wireless communication system?

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1 Link budget

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4 Here’s what else to consider

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