To handle end-of-life care discussions effectively, patient advocates must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. This includes communication skills such as active listening, empathy, open-ended questioning, information provision, and feedback elicitation. They must also understand the cultural, religious, and personal factors that can affect how patients and families perceive and express their end-of-life wishes and needs. Additionally, patient advocates must be familiar with the ethical principles and legal regulations governing end-of-life care, including informed consent, patient autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. They need to know how to help patients complete advance directives and respect their choices. On top of that, patient advocates should have a basic understanding of medical conditions, treatments, prognoses, palliative care, and hospice care. Furthermore, they should be able to recognize and respond to signs and stages of grief and loss that patients and families may experience during or after end-of-life care. Finally, they need to provide emotional support as well as referrals and follow-up services to assist in coping and healing.