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How can materials characterization techniques be used to improve the structure of glasses?

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Glasses are amorphous materials that lack long-range order in their atomic structure. They have many applications in optics, electronics, biomedicine, and energy, but their properties depend on their composition and thermal history. To optimize the performance of glasses, you need to understand how their structure affects their behavior. This is where materials characterization techniques come in handy. These are methods that can probe the structure, composition, defects, and interactions of materials at different scales and conditions. In this article, you will learn how some of these techniques can be used to improve the structure of glasses and enhance their functionality.

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Krishna Sampathkumar

R&D Researcher
Dr. CARMEL MARY ESTHER A

Independent Researcher
Dinesh Manoharan

Thin Film Researcher | 3 Years of Expertise in Fabrication and Characterization Techniques | Specialized in Thin Film…

1 X-ray diffraction

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a technique that uses X-rays to scatter off the atoms in a material and produce a diffraction pattern. This pattern can reveal information about the crystal structure, phase composition, lattice parameters, and strain of the material. XRD can also be used to study glasses, but in a different way. Since glasses are amorphous, they do not produce sharp peaks in the diffraction pattern, but rather broad humps. These humps can be analyzed to determine the average interatomic distances, coordination numbers, and bond angles of the glass network. XRD can also detect any crystalline phases that may be present in the glass, which can affect its properties.

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Krishna Sampathkumar

R&D Researcher
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In an otherwise crystalline structure optimization process, the glass structure undergoes formation under high pressure and temperature, along with a sintering process. Monitoring the crystal structure using XRD is a crucial technique in such optimization. The total width half maximum (FWHM) of XRD peaks aids in understanding the quality of the crystal. Indices h, k, and l from XRD assist in comprehending crystal parameters, structure, and types. With this information, we can enhance glass structures. Additionally, techniques such as TEM, NMR, and ellipsometry (optical) contribute to optimizing glass structure by monitoring formations and different sintering processes.

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Dr. CARMEL MARY ESTHER A

Independent Researcher
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"Magic with X-Rays: Transforming Glass" Continuous exposure of an X-ray beam to commercial borosilicate glass results in the glass becoming 50% opaque with a dark brown color. Interestingly, this X-ray-induced tarnishing doesn't lead to observable structural or physical changes, except for shifting its optical absorptance edge from UV to NIR. Has anyone else observed this phenomenon and can provide some explanations? It seems like an intriguing new area with potential for innovative glass inventions.

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Ahmed A.

Postdoctoral Researcher Specializing in Battery Technology and Nanoengineering | Expert in Electrochemical Energy Storage | Green Energy Innovator
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Its play a crucial role in optimizing the structure of glasses by providing insight into their composition, shape, and properties. Here's how to use different profiling techniques: Composition analysis: X-ray fluorescence (XRF): Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS): Structural analysis: X-ray diffraction (XRD): Neutron diffraction: Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR): Microstructural characterization: Scanning electron microscope (SEM): Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): Thermal analysis: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): Visual characterization: Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy: Ellipse measurement: Mechanical properties analysis: Nano-indentation: Microhardness test:

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2 Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy is a technique that uses a laser to excite the vibrations of the molecules in a material and measure the scattered light. The frequency and intensity of the scattered light depend on the molecular structure and environment of the material. Raman spectroscopy can be used to study the structure of glasses by identifying the different types of bonds and groups that make up the glass network. For example, Raman spectra can show the relative amounts of bridging and non-bridging oxygen atoms, the degree of polymerization and cross-linking, and the presence of modifiers and impurities in the glass. Raman spectroscopy can also be used to monitor the structural changes of glasses under different temperatures, pressures, and irradiations.

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3 Nuclear magnetic resonance

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a technique that uses a magnetic field to align the nuclei of certain atoms in a material and measure their response to radiofrequency pulses. The frequency and intensity of the response depend on the chemical environment and interactions of the nuclei. NMR can be used to study the structure of glasses by providing information about the local coordination, connectivity, and dynamics of the atoms in the glass network. For example, NMR can reveal the number and type of atoms bonded to a given nucleus, the distribution and mobility of network modifiers, and the effects of doping and thermal treatment on the glass structure.

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4 Electron microscopy

Electron microscopy is a technique that uses a beam of electrons to image or analyze the surface or cross-section of a material. There are different types of electron microscopy, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), that can provide different levels of resolution and contrast. Electron microscopy can be used to study the structure of glasses by visualizing their morphology, texture, porosity, and defects. Electron microscopy can also be combined with other techniques, such as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), or electron diffraction, to obtain compositional, chemical, or structural information at the nanoscale.

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5 Optical spectroscopy

Optical spectroscopy is a technique that uses light to measure the absorption, emission, or scattering of a material. The wavelength and intensity of the light depend on the electronic structure and transitions of the material. Optical spectroscopy can be used to study the structure of glasses by detecting the presence and nature of various optical centers, such as ions, defects, or impurities, that can affect the optical properties of the glass. For example, optical spectra can show the valence state, coordination, and environment of transition metal or rare earth ions, the concentration and distribution of oxygen vacancies or hydroxyl groups, and the formation and annealing of color centers in the glass.

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Dr. CARMEL MARY ESTHER A

Independent Researcher
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"Combine optical spectroscopy with in-situ temperature and electrical-based characterization for thin-film-coated glass to achieve exceptional results." Silica-based transparent glasses typically exhibit an optical absorption edge between 180 to 230 nm. The functional properties of any coatings or thin films can be effectively evaluated using optical spectroscopy. This method is highly recommended for non-destructive and cost-effective analysis of various material systems. The discussion is not limited solely to silica-based glass systems. Readers may be surprised to learn about conductive and semiconductive glass systems. Semiconducting vanadate glasses (first invented in 1954 by Dentol et al) are currently underrated research topics.

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6 Mechanical testing

Mechanical testing is a technique that applies a force or a deformation to a material and measures its response. The magnitude and direction of the force or deformation depend on the type of test, such as tensile, compressive, shear, bending, or fracture. Mechanical testing can be used to study the structure of glasses by evaluating their strength, toughness, hardness, elasticity, plasticity, and fracture behavior. Mechanical testing can also reveal the effects of structural heterogeneities, such as microcracks, pores, or inclusions, on the mechanical performance of the glass. Mechanical testing can also be performed under different environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, or corrosion, to assess the durability and reliability of the glass.

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Rahmandhika Firdauzha Hary Hernandha, Ph.D.

Solid State Battery Team Leader | Materials Chat Room (MATCHA ROOM?) Initiator
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Mechanical testing is an “effect” characterisation. Why? Because mechanical testing is a destructive method which is the supporting of the characterisations mentioned above. Mechanical testing is conducted better once we know what kind of phenomena are in the nano-, micro-, meso-, or macro-scale. From physical (including optical), chemistry, or materials engineering point of view, glass has a lot of things to explore. Many observable stuff could easily be analysed through advanced characterisations. However, all those results will become valid if mechanical testing proves it.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Dr. CARMEL MARY ESTHER A

Independent Researcher
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Advanced Glass characterization techniques can be found in the following publications This includes 'Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry' and sandwiched 'Differential Scanning Calorimetry' and temperature dependent 'Ellipsometry' for Transparent smart electronics applications from: Interface-Driven Thermo-Electric Switching Performance of VO+ Diffused Soda-Lime Glass (2021), Journal: physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters Demystifying the Semiconductor-to-Metal Transition in Amorphous Vanadium Pentoxide: The Role of Substrate/Thin Film Interfaces (2024), Advanced Functional Materials (yet to be online)

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Dinesh Manoharan

Thin Film Researcher | 3 Years of Expertise in Fabrication and Characterization Techniques | Specialized in Thin Film Deposition, Etching, Lithography, XPS, XRD | Seeking New Opportunities in Thin Film Technology
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Thermal Analysis Techniques: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) can be used to study the thermal behavior of glasses, including glass transition temperature, crystallization kinetics, and thermal stability. This information is valuable for optimizing the glass composition and processing conditions.

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Mesfin Zewdu

Researcher at Jimma University
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Material characterization techniques play a vital role in understanding and improving the structure of glasses. These techniques allow scientists and engineers to analyze and manipulate the glass structure at the atomic or molecular level, leading to enhancements in properties like strength, durability, thermal resistance, and optical clarity. Here's how several key characterization techniques can be utilized: Nanoindentation: This technique is used to measure the hardness and elastic modulus of glasses at very small scales. It can provide valuable information about the resistance of glass to deformation and wear. Chemical Analysis (EDS, XPS): researchers and manufacturers can gain detailed insights into the structure of glasses

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How can materials characterization techniques be used to improve the structure of glasses?

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1 X-ray diffraction

2 Raman spectroscopy

3 Nuclear magnetic resonance

4 Electron microscopy

5 Optical spectroscopy

6 Mechanical testing

7 Here’s what else to consider

Materials Science

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