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How can immunology be used to develop better biomaterials?

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Biomaterials are substances that can interact with biological systems, such as cells, tissues, or organs, for various purposes, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, or diagnostics. However, one of the main challenges of biomaterials is to avoid or minimize the immune response that they may trigger in the host organism. The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that can recognize and eliminate foreign invaders, but also cause inflammation, rejection, or infection when biomaterials are implanted or injected. Therefore, understanding how immunology can be used to develop better biomaterials is a key question for bioengineering.

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Karim Salazar Salinas

R&D | RENACYT | Bionanotecnología | Aggie

1 What is immunology?

Immunology is the branch of science that studies the immune system and its functions, mechanisms, and disorders. Immunology covers topics such as how the immune system develops and matures, how it recognizes and responds to different types of pathogens, how it regulates and maintains homeostasis and tolerance, and how it can be modulated or manipulated for therapeutic purposes. Immunology also investigates the interactions between the immune system and other systems, such as the nervous system, the endocrine system, or the microbiome.

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Karim Salazar Salinas

R&D | RENACYT | Bionanotecnología | Aggie
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La inmunología estudia las interacciones entre los bloques moleculares del sistema inmunitario y agentes que ingresan al organismo (antígeno). Así también, estudia el desarrollo la se?alización para la respuesta inmunitaria.

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Jo?o Oliveira

Engenheiro Biomédico | Engenheiro Clínico | Gest?o de Tecnologias em Saúde | Engenheiro de Seguran?a do Trabalho
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A imunologia é um campo fascinante que explora o sistema imunológico e suas diversas fun??es, mecanismos e desequilíbrios. Acredito que esse ramo científico investiga n?o apenas o desenvolvimento e matura??o do sistema imunológico, mas também sua capacidade de reconhecer, responder e regular diferentes patógenos. Além disso, a imunologia examina as complexas intera??es entre o sistema imunológico e outros sistemas do corpo humano, como o sistema nervoso e o microbioma.

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2 Why is immunology important for biomaterials?

Immunology is important for biomaterials because it determines how the host organism reacts to the presence of a foreign material. The immune response can affect the performance, safety, and efficacy of biomaterials in different ways. For example, the immune response can influence the biodegradation, biofouling, or bioactivity of biomaterials, as well as their integration with the surrounding tissues. The immune response can also cause adverse effects, such as inflammation, fibrosis, granuloma formation, or chronic infection. Moreover, the immune response can modulate the biological functions of biomaterials, such as their ability to deliver drugs, genes, or cells, or to induce tissue regeneration or repair.

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Karim Salazar Salinas

R&D | RENACYT | Bionanotecnología | Aggie
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El campo de los materiales que mas se ha beneficiado del reconocimiento de bloques del sistema inmunológico es la farmacológica, precisamente para dirigir el fármaco de manera eficiente a organos y células enfermas. Procurando que la envoltura gatille su apertura una vez internalizada o en microambientes de células enfermas y controlar el efecto secundario de fármacos.

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Jo?o Oliveira

Engenheiro Biomédico | Engenheiro Clínico | Gest?o de Tecnologias em Saúde | Engenheiro de Seguran?a do Trabalho
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Penso que a imunologia desempenha um papel crucial na intera??o entre os biomateriais e o organismo hospedeiro. Acredito que a resposta imune pode impactar diversas características dos biomateriais, desde sua biodegrada??o até sua capacidade de integra??o com os tecidos circundantes. Por exemplo, a resposta imune pode influenciar a biocompatibilidade e a eficácia terapêutica dos biomateriais, sendo fundamental considerar esses aspectos durante o desenvolvimento de novos materiais biomédicos.

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3 How can immunology be used to improve biomaterials?

Immunology can be used to improve biomaterials through a variety of strategies, such as evading or minimizing immune recognition and activation by using stealth or camouflage techniques, modulating or controlling the immune response with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive agents, harnessing or exploiting the immune response with immunostimulatory or immunotherapeutic agents, and mimicking or interacting with the immune system through biomimetic or bioactive materials. Surface modification, coating, functionalization, cytokines, antibodies, drugs, antigens, adjuvants, vaccines, extracellular matrix components, peptides, and proteins are just some of the materials that can be used in these strategies.

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Karim Salazar Salinas

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El uso de los conocimientos de inmunología permite sintetizar unidades de reconocimiento altamente específicas y estables mediante el dise?o de proteínas recombinantes multiepitópicas para su uso en terapias inmunológicas. Es decir, unidades con varios puntos de anclaje a las unidades de reconocimiento inmunitario y así inducir que el mismo organismo active su sistema de defensa frente al antígeno. Estas terapias son las mas prometedoras para el tratamiento de diversos tipos de cáncer e infecciones virales. Donde el dise?o del vehículo polímerico se basa en la biocompatibilidad y en extender la circulación de estas proteínas. Otros dise?os de biomateriales buscan el autoensamblado de estas proteínas.

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4 What are some examples of immunology-based biomaterials?

Immunology-based biomaterials are widely used in medical applications. For instance, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a synthetic polymer that can reduce the protein adsorption and immune recognition of biomaterials, thus prolonging their circulation time and stability in the bloodstream. Hydrogels, which are crosslinked networks of hydrophilic polymers, provide a soft and hydrated environment for biomaterials, helping to reduce inflammation and fibrosis of the surrounding tissues. Microparticles, nanoparticles, or liposomes are small spherical structures that can encapsulate and deliver drugs, genes, or cells to specific targets, enabling modulation of the immune response or inducing immune tolerance. Scaffolds are porous structures that support the growth and differentiation of cells or tissues for tissue regeneration or repair. Biomimetic materials mimic the structure, composition, or function of natural tissues or organs to enhance integration and compatibility of biomaterials.

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Karim Salazar Salinas

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Si bien hay agentes biológicos que buscan activar el sistema inmunitario para ejercer función terapeutica, existen otros compuestos que se basan en la internalización directa hacia células enfermas que buscan no activar el reconomiento inmunitario, afin de llegar en buen estado hacia el objetivo por más tiempo y sin causar inflamación. En ambos casos se usan biomateriales como vehículos. Estas pueden conferirle un microambiente seguro, con alta afinidad a tejidos específicos y que venza barreras fisiológicas. Los liposomas han sido usados como vehículos para fármacos dirigidos a corneas y células cancerígenas. En algunos casos la liberación del fármaco en ellas se ha gatillado luego de pulsos laser de baja intensidad.

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5 What are some challenges and opportunities of immunology-based biomaterials?

Immunology-based biomaterials present a range of challenges and opportunities. The complexity and variability of the immune system can make it difficult to predict and control the immune response, and may necessitate the customization and personalization of biomaterials for different individuals or conditions. Additionally, ethical and regulatory issues can raise questions about safety, efficacy, and quality, requiring compliance with standards and guidelines of authorities and agencies. On the other hand, immunology-based biomaterials can foster innovation and creativity, necessitating communication and cooperation amongst different fields such as biology, chemistry, engineering, medicine, or pharmacy.

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Karim Salazar Salinas

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La respuesta inmunitaria del biomaterial es un factor clave en el uso de éstos, pues puede llegar a ser diferente dependiendo de la condición del paciente y el propio sistema inmunitario natural. Por lo que se requiere suficiente número de ensayos para representar correctamente a la población, lo que conlleva un largo periodo de ensayos clínicos en cada fase de desarrollo. Esto lo hace costoso y no todas las enfermedades son prioridades para las empresas farmaceuticas, por lo que existe un aspecto ético en la labor de dise?o de fármacos. Además estos ensayos se necesitan llevarse a cabo en el tiempo, para realmente estudiar posibles efectos secundarios.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How can immunology be used to develop better biomaterials?

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1 What is immunology?

2 Why is immunology important for biomaterials?

3 How can immunology be used to improve biomaterials?

4 What are some examples of immunology-based biomaterials?

5 What are some challenges and opportunities of immunology-based biomaterials?

6 Here’s what else to consider

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