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Last updated on 2024年11月1日

How can encryption resist quantum attacks?

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Encryption is the process of transforming data into a secret code that only authorized parties can decipher. It is essential for protecting sensitive information, such as passwords, bank accounts, messages, and online transactions. However, encryption faces a major challenge from quantum computing, a technology that could potentially break many existing encryption schemes. How can encryption resist quantum attacks? In this article, you will learn about the basics of quantum computing, the threats it poses to encryption, and the solutions that are being developed to counter them.

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Jas Gambhir

Azure ML & AI Engineer | DataBricks Data Engineer | Master in Data Science Strategy & Leadership RMIT

1 Quantum computing

Quantum computing is a field of computer science that uses the principles of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in a state of 0, 1, or both at the same time, unlike classical bits, which can only be 0 or 1. This allows quantum computers to process multiple possibilities simultaneously, and potentially solve problems that are too complex or time-consuming for classical computers.

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2 Quantum threats

One of the problems that quantum computers could potentially solve faster than classical computers is factoring large numbers, which is the basis of many encryption schemes, such as RSA and Diffie-Hellman. These schemes rely on the assumption that it is easy to multiply two large prime numbers, but hard to find the factors of a large number. However, a quantum algorithm called Shor's algorithm could factor large numbers in polynomial time, meaning that it could break these encryption schemes in a matter of seconds or minutes. Another quantum algorithm, called Grover's algorithm, could speed up the search for a secret key in a brute-force attack, which is a method of trying all possible combinations until finding the right one. This could weaken encryption schemes that use symmetric keys, such as AES and DES.

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Thomas J.

Risk, Intelligence, and Investigation Strategist | Enhancing Business Security, Decision-Making, and Opportunity
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Encryption can resist quantum attacks by adopting quantum-resistant algorithms—known as Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). Quantum computers, with their immense processing power, could eventually break traditional encryption methods, like RSA and ECC, using algorithms such as Shor’s. To counter this, quantum-resistant algorithms are designed to withstand these threats, ensuring data remains secure even against quantum-level attacks. The move to PQC isn’t just an upgrade; it’s an essential shift to future-proof our security infrastructure, protecting critical data in a rapidly evolving threat landscape.

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3 Post-quantum cryptography

Post-quantum cryptography is a branch of cryptography that aims to develop encryption schemes that are resistant to quantum attacks, or at least make them impractical or infeasible. Post-quantum cryptography uses different mathematical problems that are believed to be hard for both classical and quantum computers, such as lattice-based, code-based, hash-based, multivariate-based, and isogeny-based problems. Some examples of post-quantum encryption schemes are NTRU, McEliece, XMSS, Rainbow, and SIKE. Post-quantum cryptography is still an active area of research, and there are many challenges and open questions regarding its security, efficiency, and standardization.

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4 Hybrid encryption

Hybrid encryption is a technique that combines two or more encryption schemes to achieve higher security and performance. Hybrid encryption is often used to combine the advantages of symmetric and asymmetric encryption, such as speed and authentication. However, hybrid encryption can also be used to combine classical and post-quantum encryption, such as RSA and NTRU, or AES and McEliece. This way, hybrid encryption can provide backward compatibility and future-proofing, as well as mitigate the risks of quantum attacks and unknown vulnerabilities.

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Jas Gambhir

Azure ML & AI Engineer | DataBricks Data Engineer | Master in Data Science Strategy & Leadership RMIT
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Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have been working on creating hybrid schemes that combine well-established algorithms like AES with emerging post-quantum algorithms such as NTRU and FrodoKEM. This hybrid approach not only ensures backward compatibility with existing systems but also provides a robust defense against quantum attacks, making it a significant step towards future-proofing cryptographic practices as quantum computing advances.

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5 Quantum key distribution

Quantum key distribution, or QKD, is a method of generating and sharing secret keys using quantum properties, such as photon polarization or entanglement. QKD can guarantee the security of the key exchange, as any attempt to eavesdrop or tamper with the quantum channel would introduce errors or disturbances that can be detected by the legitimate parties. QKD can be used in conjunction with any encryption scheme, classical or post-quantum, to enhance its security and privacy. However, QKD also has some limitations and challenges, such as distance, cost, scalability, and integration.

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Jas Gambhir

Azure ML & AI Engineer | DataBricks Data Engineer | Master in Data Science Strategy & Leadership RMIT
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A recent discovery in the field of quantum key distribution (QKD) involves the development of a new protocol called "measurement-device-independent QKD" (MDI-QKD). This protocol addresses vulnerabilities related to the measurement devices used in traditional QKD systems. By eliminating these vulnerabilities, MDI-QKD allows for secure key distribution even in scenarios where the measurement devices may be compromised. Researchers have successfully demonstrated this protocol over longer distances, enhancing the practical applicability of QKD for secure communications while overcoming previous limitations in scalability and integration.

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Thomas J.

Risk, Intelligence, and Investigation Strategist | Enhancing Business Security, Decision-Making, and Opportunity
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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers a revolutionary approach to secure communication. Unlike traditional methods, QKD uses quantum mechanics to create and share encryption keys, making it nearly impossible for attackers to intercept without detection. This technology is especially promising against future quantum threats, as it provides a level of security that’s fundamentally resistant to quantum attacks. Integrating QKD could be a game-changer, ensuring secure key exchange in an era where conventional encryption alone may no longer be enough.

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6 Quantum-resistant encryption

Quantum-resistant encryption is a term that refers to any encryption scheme that can withstand quantum attacks, either by using post-quantum cryptography, hybrid encryption, QKD, or a combination of them. Quantum-resistant encryption is not necessarily unbreakable or perfect, but rather resilient and adaptable to the evolving quantum threat landscape. Quantum-resistant encryption is not only important for protecting current and future data, but also for preserving the confidentiality of past data that may have been encrypted with vulnerable schemes and stored or intercepted by adversaries.

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Jas Gambhir

Azure ML & AI Engineer | DataBricks Data Engineer | Master in Data Science Strategy & Leadership RMIT
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Quantum-resistant encryption will play a crucial role in ensuring the security of critical infrastructure. As industries increasingly rely on digital systems, safeguarding these assets against potential quantum attacks will be essential for national security and economic stability, making the transition to quantum-resistant solutions a priority for governments and organizations worldwide.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Jas Gambhir

Azure ML & AI Engineer | DataBricks Data Engineer | Master in Data Science Strategy & Leadership RMIT
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In the pharmaceutical industry, quantum computing is set to accelerate drug development by simulating molecular interactions with remarkable precision. Companies like D-Wave are already harnessing quantum algorithms to identify potential drug candidates more efficiently than conventional methods. This could lead to faster breakthroughs in treatments and therapies, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.

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How can encryption resist quantum attacks?

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1 Quantum computing

2 Quantum threats

3 Post-quantum cryptography

4 Hybrid encryption

5 Quantum key distribution

6 Quantum-resistant encryption

7 Here’s what else to consider

Encryption

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