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How can Embedded C be used for feedback control in microcontrollers?

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Feedback control is a technique that allows a system to adjust its output based on the difference between a desired value and the actual value measured by a sensor. Feedback control can be implemented in microcontrollers using Embedded C, a programming language that is designed for low-level hardware interaction and optimization. In this article, you will learn how Embedded C can be used for feedback control in microcontrollers, and what are some of the benefits and challenges of this approach.

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Mark Harriman

Electronics Software Engineer, Nimble Approach Limited.

1 Basics of Embedded C

Embedded C is a variant of the standard C language that is tailored for embedded systems, such as microcontrollers, microprocessors, and other devices that have limited memory, power, and processing capabilities. Embedded C has some features that are specific to embedded programming, such as bit manipulation, direct register access, interrupt handling, and memory-mapped I/O. Embedded C also allows the programmer to write code that is close to the hardware level, which can improve the performance, efficiency, and reliability of the system.

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2 Feedback Control Loop

A feedback control loop is a system that consists of four main components: a reference, a controller, a plant, and a sensor. The reference is the desired value or setpoint that the system should achieve, such as a temperature, speed, or position. The controller is the device that computes the error between the reference and the sensor, and generates a control signal that is sent to the plant. The plant is the device that produces the output that affects the system, such as a heater, a motor, or an actuator. The sensor is the device that measures the output of the plant and sends it back to the controller. The feedback control loop aims to minimize the error and maintain the output close to the reference.

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Mark Harriman

Electronics Software Engineer, Nimble Approach Limited.
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In terms of how a Feedback Control Loop would be implemented in an Microcontroller Code Stack. Firstly, there is the driving behaviour for the Motor which a quick review of literature can be achieved with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) by a common emitted BJT transistor stage used to drive a DC motor. Secondly, the sensor is likely to be of form whereby a fixed number of pulses are present for each revolution of the motor shaft. Essentially the Microcontrollers first task would to be convert the pulse stream from the sensor to a speed measurement this would likely take the form of simple measurement algorithm implemented in the timing interrupt.

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3 Embedded C for Controller

The controller is the core of the feedback control loop, and it can be implemented in microcontrollers using Embedded C. The controller can use different algorithms or methods to calculate the control signal, such as proportional, integral, derivative, or PID. The controller can also use different types of inputs and outputs, such as analog, digital, or PWM. The controller can also communicate with other devices or systems using different protocols or interfaces, such as UART, SPI, I2C, or CAN. The controller can also handle different events or conditions using interrupts or timers. The controller can also adjust its parameters or settings using user interfaces or data logging.

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4 Benefits of Embedded C

Using Embedded C for feedback control in microcontrollers has several advantages, such as flexibility, efficiency, and portability. It enables the programmer to customize the controller according to the system's specific requirements and constraints, optimize the code for speed, memory, power, and performance through low-level hardware features, and reuse the code for different microcontrollers or platforms by using standard libraries, functions, and syntax.

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5 Challenges of Embedded C

Using Embedded C for feedback control in microcontrollers can be challenging due to the complexity it requires from the programmer, such as a good understanding of the hardware architecture, configuration, and operation of the microcontroller, as well as feedback control theory, algorithm, and method. Debugging can also be difficult when dealing with hardware issues or external devices. Additionally, testing can be hard when the system involves real-time, dynamic, or nonlinear behavior or has safety or reliability requirements.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How can Embedded C be used for feedback control in microcontrollers?

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1 Basics of Embedded C

2 Feedback Control Loop

3 Embedded C for Controller

4 Benefits of Embedded C

5 Challenges of Embedded C

6 Here’s what else to consider

Control Engineering

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