How can digital libraries promote open access without infringing copyright?

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Open access is the principle of making scholarly information freely available online, without barriers or restrictions. It can benefit researchers, educators, students, and the public by increasing the visibility, quality, and impact of research. However, open access also poses some challenges and risks, especially regarding copyright issues. How can digital libraries, which are online collections of digital objects and metadata, promote open access without infringing copyright? In this article, we will explore some strategies and best practices that digital libraries can adopt to support open access while respecting the rights of authors and publishers.

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1 Understand the copyright status

The first step for digital libraries to promote open access is to understand the copyright status of the digital objects they collect, store, and disseminate. Copyright is a legal right that grants the creator of an original work the exclusive control over its use and distribution. Different countries have different copyright laws and exceptions, and different types of works have different durations and terms of protection. Therefore, digital libraries need to identify the copyright holder, the jurisdiction, the license, and the expiration date of each digital object they acquire or create.

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VIVICA PIERRE, MLIS, PhD

Libraries play such an essential role and help meet the basic needs of diverse populations with particular attention to the empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, or living in poverty.
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Open Access is something many administrators and faculty like to talk about. However, few are prepared or willing to put in the work. If faculty are paid a stipend some are willing to add this new work to their already full loads. However, beyond the stipend, they usually lose interest. That is a problem! Academic librarians have been in the forefront of designing for access to affordable and free educational resource, information, and materials for decades. OA/OER is a natural fit for academic librarians. Yet, recently, I attended an annual conference and professional development intended for faculty college-wide. One discipline/teaching faculty attended the presentation. I am committed to OA/OER and look forward to the future.

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Jennifer Chan

Scholarly Communication Librarian at UCLA
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One approach libraries across the globe have taken in building unique digital collections has been the digital reproduction of public domain. Works in the public domain are those not protected by copyright. This may be due to the ineligibility of the work for copyright protection, such as in the case of most US government publications, or because its period of copyright protection has already expired. Since works in the public domain lack copyright restrictions, they are part of the knowledge commons that may be made freely available in digital collections and freely remixed and reused in the creation of new works. Public domain works are an important category of content to consider when building and expanding digital library collections.

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2 Apply appropriate licenses

The second step for digital libraries to promote open access is to apply appropriate licenses to the digital objects they provide. Licenses are legal agreements that specify the terms and conditions under which a digital object can be used, shared, modified, or reused. Depending on the preferences and goals of the copyright holder, licenses can range from very restrictive to very permissive. Popular types of licenses that support open access include public domain, Creative Commons, and open access. Digital libraries should choose the most suitable license for each digital object they offer and make it clear and visible to users. Additionally, they must adhere to the license of any digital objects they reuse from other sources.

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Fernanda Costa

Especialista em Gest?o Estratégica da Informa??o e Bibliotecária, com habilidades em Organiza??o, Digitaliza??o e Gest?o Eletr?nica de Documentos (GED), Gest?o de Bibliotecas Universitárias.
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Um passo fundamental para promover o acesso aberto é a aplica??o de licen?as apropriadas que garantem que os materiais possam ser compartilhados e reutilizados legalmente. Licen?as como as Creative Commons (CC) permitem que os autores concedam permiss?es específicas para o uso de suas obras. As bibliotecas digitais devem educar os autores sobre a importancia dessas licen?as e incentivá-los a optar por aquelas que permitam um acesso mais amplo, como a CC BY (atribui??o) ou a CC BY-SA (atribui??o e compartilhamento pela mesma licen?a).

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3 Use open formats and standards

The third step for digital libraries to promote open access is to use open formats and standards for the digital objects they create and store. Open formats and standards are those that are publicly documented, widely adopted, and interoperable, meaning that they can be accessed and processed by different software and platforms. This will ensure that the digital objects are compatible, durable, and reusable, and that they do not depend on proprietary or obsolete technologies. Examples of open formats and standards include HTML, XML, JSON for structuring and encoding data and metadata; PDF, EPUB, ODF for preserving the layout, formatting, and content of text, images, and multimedia; JPEG, PNG, SVG for compressing, displaying, and scaling graphics; MP3, OGG, WAV for encoding sound; as well as MP4, WEBM, AVI for encoding moving images. Digital libraries should use open formats and standards whenever possible to ensure the longevity of their digital objects; otherwise they should convert or migrate them from closed or outdated formats.

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Fernanda Costa

Especialista em Gest?o Estratégica da Informa??o e Bibliotecária, com habilidades em Organiza??o, Digitaliza??o e Gest?o Eletr?nica de Documentos (GED), Gest?o de Bibliotecas Universitárias.
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A utiliza??o de formatos e padr?es abertos é crucial para garantir que o conteúdo digital seja acessível a longo prazo e n?o fique restrito a tecnologias proprietárias. Formatos como PDF/A para documentos, XML para dados estruturados, e OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) para metadados, promovem a interoperabilidade e a preserva??o digital. As bibliotecas digitais devem adotar e promover o uso desses formatos entre seus usuários e contribuidores.

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4 Implement open protocols and APIs

The fourth step for digital libraries to promote open access is to implement open protocols and APIs for the digital objects they serve and consume. Open protocols and APIs are designed to enable the communication and exchange of data and metadata between different systems and applications. Utilizing these protocols and APIs can help with the discovery, access, retrieval, and reuse of digital objects across different digital libraries and platforms. Examples include HTTP, HTTPS, OAI-PMH, OAI-ORE, REST, SOAP, Dublin Core, MODS, and METS. Digital libraries should implement these open protocols and APIs to make their digital objects and metadata available, while adhering to best practices and guidelines for their design and documentation.

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Fernanda Costa

Especialista em Gest?o Estratégica da Informa??o e Bibliotecária, com habilidades em Organiza??o, Digitaliza??o e Gest?o Eletr?nica de Documentos (GED), Gest?o de Bibliotecas Universitárias.
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A implementa??o de protocolos abertos e APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) facilita a integra??o e o compartilhamento de dados entre diferentes sistemas e plataformas. Protocolos como o OAI-PMH permitem que repositórios e bibliotecas digitais compartilhem metadados de forma eficiente, enquanto APIs abertas permitem que desenvolvedores criem aplica??es que acessem e utilizem dados de bibliotecas digitais. Isso n?o só aumenta a acessibilidade, mas também promove a inova??o e a reutiliza??o de dados.

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5 Collaborate with other stakeholders

The fifth step for digital libraries to promote open access is to collaborate with other stakeholders in the scholarly communication ecosystem, such as authors, publishers, editors, reviewers, funders, librarians, researchers, educators, students, and the public. Each of these stakeholders have a role and responsibility in creating, disseminating, and using scholarly information while also having an interest and benefit in open access. Digital libraries should therefore engage with other stakeholders to advocate for open access policies and incentives that support the creation and sharing of scholarly works. They should also educate and inform about the benefits and challenges of open access while providing guidance and support on how to comply with copyright and licensing requirements. Additionally, they should participate in and contribute to open access initiatives and platforms that facilitate the discovery, access, reuse, and preservation of scholarly works. By collaborating with other stakeholders, digital libraries can foster a culture of openness and transparency in scholarly communication while addressing common issues and barriers that hinder open access.

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Fernanda Costa

Especialista em Gest?o Estratégica da Informa??o e Bibliotecária, com habilidades em Organiza??o, Digitaliza??o e Gest?o Eletr?nica de Documentos (GED), Gest?o de Bibliotecas Universitárias.
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A colabora??o com outras partes interessadas, como institui??es acadêmicas, editoras, e comunidades de pesquisa, é essencial para promover o acesso aberto. Parcerias estratégicas podem facilitar a negocia??o de direitos autorais e a cria??o de políticas de acesso aberto que beneficiem todas as partes envolvidas. Além disso, colabora??es internacionais podem ajudar a alinhar práticas e padr?es globais, aumentando o alcance e o impacto das iniciativas de acesso aberto.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Fernanda Costa

Especialista em Gest?o Estratégica da Informa??o e Bibliotecária, com habilidades em Organiza??o, Digitaliza??o e Gest?o Eletr?nica de Documentos (GED), Gest?o de Bibliotecas Universitárias.
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Considere também os seguintes aspectos: 1) Educa??o e Conscientiza??o 2) Políticas Institucionais: Estabelecer políticas institucionais claras que incentivem o depósito de trabalhos em acesso aberto e definam diretrizes para a gest?o de direitos autorais. 3) Ferramentas de Gest?o de Direitos: Implementar ferramentas que ajudem a gerir os direitos autorais, como sistemas de detec??o de plágio e de verifica??o de licen?as. 4) Apoio Jurídico: Disponibilizar apoio jurídico para autores e usuários que tenham dúvidas sobre quest?es de direitos autorais e licenciamento. 5) Preserva??o Digital: Investir em tecnologias e práticas de preserva??o digital para garantir que o conteúdo permane?a acessível e utilizável no longo prazo.

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How can digital libraries promote open access without infringing copyright?

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1 Understand the copyright status

2 Apply appropriate licenses

3 Use open formats and standards

4 Implement open protocols and APIs

5 Collaborate with other stakeholders

6 Here’s what else to consider

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