What's the best way to choose what goes into an abstract or summary?

1 Know your audience

Before you start writing your abstract or summary, you need to consider who will be reading it and what they expect from it. Different disciplines, journals, and institutions may have different guidelines and preferences for the format, length, and style of your abstract or summary. For example, some may require a structured abstract with specific headings, such as background, objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. Others may prefer a narrative abstract that summarizes the main points in a paragraph. Some may limit the word count to 150 or 250 words, while others may allow more flexibility. You should always follow the instructions and criteria of your target audience, and check some examples of abstracts or summaries in your field to get a sense of the conventions and expectations.

2 Identify the key elements

The next step is to identify the key elements of your document that you want to include in your abstract or summary. These are usually the main components of your argument or research, such as the research question, the main objectives, the methods, the results, and the conclusions. Depending on the type and purpose of your document, you may also want to include some background information, the significance or contribution of your work, the limitations or challenges, and the implications or recommendations for future research or practice. You should focus on the most important and relevant aspects of your work, and avoid unnecessary details, examples, citations, or jargon.

3 Write clearly and concisely

Once you have identified the key elements of your document, you need to write them clearly and concisely in your abstract or summary. You should use simple and precise language, and avoid repetition, ambiguity, or vague expressions. You should also use active voice and present tense, unless you are referring to specific past events or findings. You should write in complete sentences, and use transitions and connectors to create a logical flow and coherence. You should also use keywords and phrases that reflect the main topic and focus of your document, and that will help readers to find and understand your work.

4 Revise and edit

The final step is to revise and edit your abstract or summary to make sure it is accurate, complete, and consistent with your document. You should check if you have included all the key elements, and if you have followed the guidelines and criteria of your target audience. You should also check if you have met the word limit, and if you have used clear and concise language. You should also proofread your abstract or summary for any errors in grammar, spelling, punctuation, or formatting. You may also want to ask for feedback from someone else, such as a peer, a supervisor, or a professional editor, to improve the quality and clarity of your abstract or summary.

5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?