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What are the trade-offs and synergies between urban growth boundaries and other planning tools and policies?

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Urban growth boundaries (UGBs) are a planning tool that aims to limit urban sprawl and preserve natural and agricultural lands. They define a line around a city or a region beyond which urban development is restricted or prohibited. UGBs are often used in conjunction with other planning tools and policies, such as density incentives, transit-oriented development, green infrastructure, and affordable housing. In this article, we will explore the pros and cons of UGBs and how they interact with other planning approaches.

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1 Benefits of UGBs

UGBs can have positive impacts on the environment, the economy, and the quality of life in urban areas. By containing urban sprawl, UGBs can reduce greenhouse gas emissions , air pollution, water consumption, and habitat loss. They can also promote more efficient use of land and infrastructure, saving public and private costs of building and maintaining roads, utilities, and services. Moreover, UGBs can foster more compact and walkable communities, enhancing social cohesion, public health, and access to amenities and opportunities.

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2 Challenges of UGBs

UGBs are not without challenges and trade-offs. They can create unintended consequences, such as increased housing prices, gentrification, displacement, and inequality within and beyond the boundary. They can also face political and legal opposition from landowners, developers, and residents who perceive UGBs as a threat to their property rights, economic interests, or lifestyle preferences. Furthermore, UGBs can be difficult to implement and enforce, requiring coordination and cooperation among different levels of government, stakeholders, and jurisdictions.

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Jack Collard

Co-Founder of British Roundnet | Planner at Lichfields | Hosted the 2024 Roundnet World Championships
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UGBs are called ‘Green Belt’ land in the UK. We have had significant issues with the delivery of new housing being stifled by the green belt. Also, green belt policy is often historic and isn’t reviewed on a regular basis. This can exacerbate the issues already caused by UGBs on the housing delivery pipeline.

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3 Synergies with other tools

UGBs can work well with other planning tools and policies that complement and reinforce their objectives and outcomes. For example, density incentives can encourage higher-density and mixed-use development within the boundary, while transit-oriented development can provide alternative modes of transportation and reduce car dependency. Green infrastructure can enhance the ecological functions and aesthetic values of the urban landscape, while affordable housing can ensure that low- and moderate-income households can benefit from the amenities and opportunities of compact living.

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Kevin Riley

TASP/Metro Plan Manager at City of Milpitas
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I think the underlying theme that the use of UGB’s is a unique consideration for each jurisdiction is correct. For example, from a regional perspective, a community surrounded by other local jurisdictions would find no benefit in spending energy on examining this as a usable tool if there are no lands to be defined outside of a UGB line but within its own jurisdictional domain. Likewise, the lack of any transit opportunities or planning a concentrated urban core might make a UGB too limiting for growth without density options. Where these opportunities do exist, a UGB might prove a beneficial exploration. One key benefit of a UGB is to avoid sprawl and concentrate growth in the urban core so as to reduce VMT’s. Does it work?

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4 Trade-offs with other tools

UGBs can also create trade-offs and conflicts with other planning tools and policies that have different or competing goals and impacts. For example, historic preservation can limit the potential for infill and redevelopment within the boundary, while agricultural protection can restrict the expansion of the boundary to accommodate growth. Environmental regulations can impose additional costs and constraints on development within the boundary, while economic development can generate demand for land and resources beyond the boundary.

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Jack Collard

Co-Founder of British Roundnet | Planner at Lichfields | Hosted the 2024 Roundnet World Championships
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UGBs (Green Belt Land in the UK) can sometimes be at odds with national planning policy particularly with regards to economic growth, where large scale developments (such as solar farms) cannot be built within the confines of the urban boundary and so have to be directed to green belt land. It is important that when setting economic policy and goals, land constraints such as UGBs are considered and recognised as a constraint to major development.

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5 Best practices for UGBs

UGBs are not a one-size-fits-all solution for urban planning. They need to be tailored to the specific context and needs of each city or region, taking into account the physical, social, economic, and environmental factors that shape urban growth and development. They also need to be flexible and adaptive , allowing for periodic review and adjustment of the boundary and the associated policies and regulations. Moreover, they need to be participatory and inclusive , involving diverse and representative voices and interests in the decision-making and implementation process.

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6 Resources for UGBs

If you are interested in learning more about UGBs and how they work in different places and situations, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy has a comprehensive online database of UGBs in the United States, as well as publications and case studies on UGBs around the world. The Urban Land Institute has a report on the best practices and lessons learned from UGBs in 11 metropolitan areas in North America, Europe, and Asia. Additionally, the Smart Growth Network has a guide on how to design and implement UGBs as part of a smart growth strategy for sustainable and livable communities.

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What are the trade-offs and synergies between urban growth boundaries and other planning tools and policies?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 Benefits of UGBs

2 Challenges of UGBs

3 Synergies with other tools

4 Trade-offs with other tools

5 Best practices for UGBs

6 Resources for UGBs

Urban Planning

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What are the trade-offs and synergies between urban growth boundaries and other planning tools and policies?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 Benefits of UGBs

2 Challenges of UGBs

3 Synergies with other tools

4 Trade-offs with other tools

5 Best practices for UGBs

6 Resources for UGBs

Urban Planning

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