What are some design patterns for improving web accessibility?

1 Use semantic HTML

Semantic HTML is the use of HTML elements that convey the meaning and structure of the content, rather than just the appearance. For example, use <h1> for the main heading, <p> for paragraphs, <ul> for unordered lists, and <nav> for navigation. Semantic HTML helps screen readers and other assistive technologies to understand and navigate the web page, and also improves SEO and maintainability.

2 Provide sufficient contrast

Contrast is the difference in brightness and color between the foreground and the background of a web page. Low contrast can make the text and images hard to read or perceive, especially for people with low vision, color blindness, or glare. To provide sufficient contrast, use a contrast ratio tool to check the contrast level of your text and images, and follow the WCAG guidelines for minimum contrast requirements. You can also use color combinations that are accessible for different types of color vision deficiencies.

3 Add alt text to images

Alt text is a short description of an image that is displayed when the image cannot be loaded or is not visible, and is read by screen readers and other assistive technologies. Alt text helps people who are blind or visually impaired to understand the content and context of the image, and also improves SEO and performance. To add alt text to images, use the alt attribute in the <img> tag, and write a concise and relevant description that conveys the essential information and function of the image.

4 Use labels and instructions for forms

Forms are interactive elements that allow users to input and submit data, such as name, email, password, or feedback. Forms should have clear and visible labels and instructions that explain what each input field, button, checkbox, or radio button does, and what format and value is expected. Labels and instructions help users to fill out the form correctly and efficiently, and also assist screen readers and other assistive technologies to identify and announce the form elements. To use labels and instructions for forms, use the <label> element to associate each input field with its corresponding label, and use the <fieldset> and <legend> elements to group related inputs and provide a title.

5 Provide keyboard and focus support

Keyboard and focus support means that users can navigate and interact with the web page using only the keyboard, without a mouse or a touch screen. Keyboard and focus support is essential for people who have motor impairments, use alternative input devices, or prefer keyboard shortcuts. To provide keyboard and focus support, ensure that all interactive elements are reachable and operable with the tab key, use the tabindex attribute to control the order of focus, use the <button> element for buttons, use the ARIA roles and attributes to indicate the state and function of custom elements, and use CSS to style the focus indicator.

6 Offer multiple ways to access content

Multiple ways to access content means that users can find and access the information and functionality they need in different ways, depending on their preferences and needs. Multiple ways to access content can enhance the usability and accessibility of the web page, and also accommodate different devices and screen sizes. To offer multiple ways to access content, provide a clear and consistent navigation system, use headings and subheadings to organize the content, use breadcrumbs and sitemaps to show the location and structure of the web page, use search functionality and filters to help users find specific content, and use links and buttons to enable users to perform actions and move between pages.

7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?