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What are some common types of survey questions and scales in educational research?

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Survey questions and scales are essential tools for collecting and analyzing data in educational research. They can help you measure attitudes, opinions, behaviors, preferences, and other aspects of your research topic. However, designing effective survey questions and scales is not a simple task. You need to consider the purpose, format, wording, response options, and validity of your questions and scales. In this article, you will learn about some common types of survey questions and scales in educational research and how to use them appropriately.

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Syed Ali

UNEP -GPML Member | Environmentalist | Writopreneur | Author | Management Consultant | Climate Solutions Specialist |…

1 Closed-ended questions

Closed-ended questions are those that have a fixed set of response options that the respondents can choose from. They are easy to administer, score, and analyze, and they can reduce ambiguity and bias. However, they can also limit the range and depth of responses, and they may not capture the diversity and complexity of the respondents' views. Some examples of closed-ended questions are yes/no questions, multiple choice questions, rating scales, and Likert scales.

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Syed Ali

UNEP -GPML Member | Environmentalist | Writopreneur | Author | Management Consultant | Climate Solutions Specialist | Ghost Writer | Storyteller | Globetrotter | Humanist | Mentor | Buddy
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Common types of survey questions include closed-ended questions, where respondents choose from predefined options, such as multiple-choice, yes/no, or Likert scales; and open-ended questions, which allow for detailed, narrative responses. Rating scales like Likert scales measure levels of agreement, frequency, or satisfaction, typically on a 5- or 7-point scale. Ranking questions ask respondents to prioritize items based on preference or importance. Matrix questions combine multiple Likert scales for related items. Demographic questions collect background information, such as age, gender, or educational level. These question types and scales help researchers understand attitudes, behaviors, and experiences in educational contexts.

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Joseph Fayomi

Driving Change in Education | Experienced Teacher Leader | Program Manager
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I recently conducted a research to understand students' perspectives on corporal punishment in Nigerian public schools. I designed a survey with closed-ended questions such as : What grade are you in? (Primary 1-6, Junior Secondary 1-3, Senior Secondary 1-3) Have you ever received corporal punishment in school? (Yes/No) If yes, what form of corporal punishment did you receive? (Caning, Slapping, Kneeling, Manual labour, Other - please specify) Do you believe corporal punishment helps students behave better in school? (Strongly disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, Strongly Agree) The closed-ended nature of these questions allows for easy collection of quantitative data for statistical analysis.

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Michele Aparecida Cerqueira Rodrigues, Ed.D Psy.D

Educa??o Inclusiva | Educa??o Especial | Tecnologia Educacional | Educa??o à Distancia | Conteúdo | Psicopedagogia | Psicanálise | Jornalismo
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Uma pergunta fechada pode ser formulada da seguinte maneira: "Você concorda com a afirma??o de que a tecnologia tem impactos positivos na educa??o?". Neste caso, as op??es de resposta seriam "Sim" ou "N?o". Essa estrutura permite uma fácil tabula??o e análise quantitativa das respostas, mas pode n?o capturar nuances ou detalhes mais complexos das opini?es dos entrevistados. é importante considerar o contexto e os objetivos da pesquisa ao escolher entre perguntas fechadas e abertas.

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Nawod Keenagalla

Final Year Civil Engineering Undergraduate | Specializing in Geotechnical Engineering | Owner of “Civil Engineering Journey” channel
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Yes! Closed end questions provide easy and quick answers. And also they can be used for quick statistical analysis. Example question can be, did you encounter any wildlife problems? Yes or no ?

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2 Open-ended questions

Open-ended questions are those that allow the respondents to express their thoughts, feelings, and experiences in their own words. They are useful for exploring new or complex topics, generating rich and detailed data, and understanding the respondents' perspectives and meanings. However, they can also be time-consuming, difficult to code and interpret, and prone to irrelevant or vague answers. Some examples of open-ended questions are short answer questions, essay questions, and probing questions.

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Michele Aparecida Cerqueira Rodrigues, Ed.D Psy.D

Educa??o Inclusiva | Educa??o Especial | Tecnologia Educacional | Educa??o à Distancia | Conteúdo | Psicopedagogia | Psicanálise | Jornalismo
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Uma pergunta aberta pode ser formulada da seguinte maneira: "Como você percebe o papel das redes sociais no processo de aprendizagem dos estudantes universitários?". Essa abordagem permite que os entrevistados expressem suas opini?es e experiências de maneira mais detalhada, fornecendo informa??es qualitativas valiosas. No entanto, é importante estar ciente de que a análise dessas respostas pode demandar mais tempo e esfor?o devido à natureza subjetiva e diversificada das respostas. O equilíbrio entre perguntas fechadas e abertas é fundamental para obter uma compreens?o abrangente do tópico em quest?o.

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Nawod Keenagalla

Final Year Civil Engineering Undergraduate | Specializing in Geotechnical Engineering | Owner of “Civil Engineering Journey” channel
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Yes! Open ended questions can provide you with more information. They will provide responders the chance to speak freely and you will get different data and opinions.

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3 Rating scales

Rating scales are a type of closed-ended question that ask the respondents to evaluate or rate something on a numerical or verbal scale. They can help you measure the intensity, frequency, importance, satisfaction, or agreement of the respondents' opinions or behaviors. However, they can also introduce errors or biases due to the design, wording, or interpretation of the scale. Some examples of rating scales are frequency scales, importance scales, satisfaction scales, and agreement scales.

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Michele Aparecida Cerqueira Rodrigues, Ed.D Psy.D

Educa??o Inclusiva | Educa??o Especial | Tecnologia Educacional | Educa??o à Distancia | Conteúdo | Psicopedagogia | Psicanálise | Jornalismo
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Uma escala de avalia??o pode ser formulada da seguinte maneira: "Em uma escala de 1 a 5, onde 1 representa 'discordo totalmente' e 5 representa 'concordo totalmente', avalie a eficácia das práticas de ensino adotadas nesta institui??o de ensino." Essa abordagem permite que os respondentes forne?am uma classifica??o numérica que pode ser analisada quantitativamente para avaliar a percep??o da eficácia das práticas educacionais. No entanto, é crucial garantir que a escala seja claramente compreendida pelos participantes para evitar interpreta??es equivocadas e assegurar a precis?o na coleta de dados.

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Nawod Keenagalla

Final Year Civil Engineering Undergraduate | Specializing in Geotechnical Engineering | Owner of “Civil Engineering Journey” channel
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Yes of course! They will provide you quick answers and you will have the ability to measure the intensity or frequency of an event easily.

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4 Likert scales

Likert scales are a specific type of rating scale that ask the respondents to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement with a statement on a five-point or seven-point scale. They are widely used in educational research to measure attitudes, beliefs, values, or perceptions. However, they can also have some limitations, such as the assumption of equal intervals, the risk of acquiescence bias, or the lack of a neutral option. Some examples of Likert scales are strongly agree/strongly disagree scales, very likely/very unlikely scales, and very effective/very ineffective scales.

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Michele Aparecida Cerqueira Rodrigues, Ed.D Psy.D

Educa??o Inclusiva | Educa??o Especial | Tecnologia Educacional | Educa??o à Distancia | Conteúdo | Psicopedagogia | Psicanálise | Jornalismo
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Um exemplo de escala Likert poderia ser formulado da seguinte maneira: "Por favor, indique seu nível de concordancia com a seguinte afirma??o: 'As atividades práticas em sala de aula enriquecem significativamente o processo de aprendizagem.'", utilizando uma escala de 1 a 5, onde 1 representa 'Discordo totalmente' e 5 representa 'Concordo totalmente'. Essa abordagem permite capturar a variedade de opini?es dos respondentes de maneira quantitativa, facilitando a análise estatística das atitudes em rela??o à importancia das atividades práticas no ambiente educacional. é importante considerar as limita??es inerentes às escalas Likert, como a ausência de uma op??o neutra, ao interpretar os resultados.

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Melody K.

License Health Agent ??????
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I think it's important to note that likert scales can be biased because they don't pick up on an individuals mood. A person's mood can determine what selections they make. It's a good idea to determine a respondent's mood before testing them and then seeing if they respond the same way in a different mood.

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5 Semantic differential scales

Semantic differential scales are another type of rating scale that ask the respondents to rate something on a bipolar scale between two opposite adjectives or concepts. They can help you measure the connotative meaning or emotional response of the respondents to a topic or object. However, they can also be affected by the choice, order, or number of the adjectives or concepts, or by the cultural or contextual differences among the respondents. Some examples of semantic differential scales are good/bad scales, easy/difficult scales, and interesting/boring scales.

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6 Visual analog scales

Visual analog scales are a type of rating scale that ask the respondents to mark their position on a continuous line between two endpoints. They can help you measure the magnitude or intensity of the respondents' feelings or sensations. However, they can also be influenced by the length, orientation, or labeling of the line, or by the visual or motor skills of the respondents. Some examples of visual analog scales are pain scales, mood scales, and preference scales.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Esmeralda Blaney Davidson

Associate Professor, Principal Lecturer at Radboudumc
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It all starts with a solid question! Why are you asking a question? What is reason you are asking this question? What type of output do you need? etc etc. Ultimately that defines what type of scale you need.

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What are some common types of survey questions and scales in educational research?

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1 Closed-ended questions

2 Open-ended questions

3 Rating scales

4 Likert scales

5 Semantic differential scales

6 Visual analog scales

7 Here’s what else to consider

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