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Last updated on 2024年5月7日

What are some of the common types and classifications of EIE sensors and transducers?

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Sensors and transducers are essential components of electrical and instrumentation engineering (EIE) systems. They convert physical phenomena, such as temperature, pressure, flow, level, or sound, into electrical signals that can be measured, processed, and controlled. In this article, you will learn about some of the common types and classifications of EIE sensors and transducers, and how they work.

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Abdulrahman Alanazi, CMRP?, OSHA?, NASP?

Electrical, Instrumentation and Control System Personnel
Rawand Abdulla Mahmood

Instrument & Control Engineer
Jeferson Cintra

Business Development Manager | Automated Test Consultant | Real Time Test Consultant na OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES

1 Active and passive sensors

Sensors can be classified as active or passive, depending on whether they require an external power source or not. Active sensors generate their own electrical output, such as voltage or current, when they are exposed to the physical stimulus. For example, a photovoltaic cell produces electricity when it receives light. Passive sensors, on the other hand, modify an existing electrical input, such as resistance or capacitance, in response to the physical stimulus. For example, a thermistor changes its resistance when it is heated or cooled.

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Abdulrahman Alanazi, CMRP?, OSHA?, NASP?

Electrical, Instrumentation and Control System Personnel
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I'll mention some examples of active and passive sensors used in Power Plants and some other industries as well. Active Sensors: 1. Photoelectric Smoke Detectors: Emit light and detect changes caused by smoke, alerting to potential fires. 2. Ultrasonic Flow Meters: Generate ultrasonic waves to measure fluid flow rate by analyzing signal reflections. Passive Sensors: 1. RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors): The resistance changes as the temperature varies to provide precise temperature measurements for critical processes. 3. Capacitive Level Sensors: Adjust capacitance with fluid levels, enabling accurate tank level monitoring. These instruments ensure power plant efficiency and safety by capturing essential and accurate data.

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2 Analog and digital sensors

Sensors can also be classified as analog or digital, depending on whether they produce a continuous or discrete electrical output. Analog sensors generate a variable output that is proportional to the intensity or magnitude of the physical stimulus. For example, a potentiometer produces a voltage that varies with the rotation of a knob. Digital sensors generate a binary output that is either on or off, depending on whether the physical stimulus exceeds a certain threshold or not. For example, a switch produces a voltage that is either high or low, depending on whether it is closed or open.

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Abdulrahman Alanazi, CMRP?, OSHA?, NASP?

Electrical, Instrumentation and Control System Personnel
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Analog Sensors: 1. Pressure Transducers: Offer a continuous voltage output that corresponds to fluid pressure, vital for precise pressure monitoring. 2. Thermocouples: Provide an analog voltage signal correlated to temperature, widely used in industrial temperature measurement. 3. LVDTs (Linear Variable Differential Transformers): Deliver analog output reflecting linear position changes, critical for accurate displacement measurement. Digital Sensors: 1. Limit Switches: Generate digital on/off signals when specific positions are reached, essential for machine control and safety systems.

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3 Contact and non-contact sensors

Sensors can also be classified as contact or non-contact, depending on whether they require physical contact with the object or phenomenon to be measured or not. Contact sensors are in direct contact with the object or phenomenon, and they measure its properties, such as temperature, pressure, or force. For example, a thermometer measures the temperature of a liquid by being immersed in it. Non-contact sensors are not in direct contact with the object or phenomenon, and they measure its properties, such as distance, speed, or color, by using electromagnetic waves, such as light, sound, or radio. For example, a radar measures the distance and speed of a moving object by sending and receiving radio waves.

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Abdulrahman Alanazi, CMRP?, OSHA?, NASP?

Electrical, Instrumentation and Control System Personnel
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These instruments are maintaining the reliability, safety, and efficiency of plant operations. They enable us to monitor and control various parameters, ensuring that the plant runs smoothly and efficiently while minimizing downtime and risks. Contact Sensors: 1- Thermocouples and RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors): These sensors play a key role in measuring temperatures in critical equipment such as turbines, and heat exchangers. Non Contact Sensors: 1- Ultrasonic and radar Level Sensors: Critical for monitoring fluid levels in tanks, especially in boiler feedwater systems. 2- Proximity Vibration Sensors: These sensors help detect and analyze vibrations in rotating machinery like turbines and pumps.

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4 Primary and secondary transducers

Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy into another. They can be classified as primary or secondary, depending on whether they are directly or indirectly involved in the conversion process. Primary transducers are directly exposed to the physical stimulus, and they convert it into an electrical signal. For example, a microphone converts sound waves into electrical voltage. Secondary transducers are not directly exposed to the physical stimulus, but they receive the electrical signal from the primary transducer, and they convert it into another form of energy. For example, a speaker converts electrical voltage into sound waves.

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Abdulrahman Alanazi, CMRP?, OSHA?, NASP?

Electrical, Instrumentation and Control System Personnel
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I agree both primary and secondary transducers play important role in process control, They help monitor, regulate, and control various parameters, ensuring safe and efficient plant operation while allowing for responsive adjustments to changing conditions.

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5 Input and output transducers

Transducers can also be classified as input or output, depending on whether they are used to measure or control the physical phenomenon. Input transducers are used to measure the physical phenomenon, and they convert it into an electrical signal that can be processed by an EIE system. For example, a pressure sensor converts the pressure of a fluid into an electrical voltage that can be displayed by a meter. Output transducers are used to control the physical phenomenon, and they convert an electrical signal from an EIE system into another form of energy that can affect the physical phenomenon. For example, a solenoid valve converts an electrical current from a controller into a mechanical movement that can open or close a pipe.

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Abdulrahman Alanazi, CMRP?, OSHA?, NASP?

Electrical, Instrumentation and Control System Personnel
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Examples of field instrumentation for each category: 1- AI Analog Input: from Temperature Transmitter RTD. 2- AO Analog Output: to Temperature Control Valve I/P transducer. 3- DI Digital Input: from Limit Switch. 4- DO Digital Output: to On/Off Valve SOV Solenoid valve.

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Rawand Abdulla Mahmood

Instrument & Control Engineer
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Input and output transducers simply we can segregate into 4 branches: Digital Input (DI): like (limit Switch, Level Switch, Pressure Switch, ……. And so on.) Digital Output (DO): like (Solenoid, Indication, ……. And so on.) Analog Input (AI): like (Temperature Transmitter, Level Transmitter, ……. And so on.) Analog Output (AO): like (Control Valve, VFD, ……. And so on.)

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Gregory Bills

Industrial Controls Systems Engineer, Automation Solutions Provider, Automation Account Manager, Technical Support Engineer, Sales Engineer, Automation Proposals, PLC's, VFD's, ICP's. UL MTR. CSEE.
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1- AI Analog Input: from Temperature Transmitter RTD / Load Cells 2- AO Analog Output: to Temperature Control Valve I.P. transducer. 3- DI Digital Input: from Limit Switch. Prox. Contact. 4- DO Digital Output: to On/Off Valve SOV Solenoid valve and coils.

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6 Selecting sensors and transducers

Selecting the right sensor and transducer for an EIE system depends on several factors, such as the type and range of the physical phenomenon to be measured or controlled, the accuracy and reliability of the measurement or control, the environmental conditions and constraints, and the cost and availability of the sensor and transducer. Therefore, it is important to understand the characteristics and specifications of different sensors and transducers, and how they can be integrated and calibrated with other EIE components.

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Jeferson Cintra

Business Development Manager | Automated Test Consultant | Real Time Test Consultant na OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
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Muito bom focar que uma sele??o de sensores e transdutores tem que ser feita com base no que você quer medir e no resultado que você quer com essa medi??o. Visito empresas e institutos e vejo muitos engenheiros e cientistas escolhendo um sensor com base do que seu sistema de aquisi??o de dados é capaz de fazer. Ou seja, pensando de forma contrária. O sistema de aquisi??o de dados correto + o sensor correto faz com que você consiga o sucesso esperado dessa medi??o. N?o adianta escolher um sensor para usar em laboratório e deixar ele tomar sol e chuva, ou ent?o querer medir uma temperatuda de +200°C se o sensor suporta até 100°C. Portanto, estude primeiro o que você quer medir e que resultado espera, planeje todo o restante a partir daí.

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Abdulrahman Alanazi, CMRP?, OSHA?, NASP?

Electrical, Instrumentation and Control System Personnel
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Consideration of environmental factors like temperature extremes, humidity, and exposure to chemicals is essential. Sensors must endure these conditions without compromising their performance.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What are some of the common types and classifications of EIE sensors and transducers?

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1 Active and passive sensors

2 Analog and digital sensors

3 Contact and non-contact sensors

4 Primary and secondary transducers

5 Input and output transducers

6 Selecting sensors and transducers

7 Here’s what else to consider

Instrumentation

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