What are some best practices for citing sources and giving credit in your writing?

3 What to cite?

You should cite any source that you use to support, illustrate, or challenge your claims, arguments, or opinions. This includes books, articles, websites, reports, data, images, videos, podcasts, interviews, lectures, speeches, and more. You should cite both direct quotations and paraphrases, as well as summaries and syntheses of other sources. You should also cite your own previous work if you reuse or adapt it in a new context.

4 What not to cite?

You do not need to cite common knowledge, which is information that is widely known and accepted by experts and the general public. For example, you do not need to cite the fact that Paris is the capital of France, or that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. However, common knowledge can vary depending on your field and audience, so you should use your judgment and discretion when deciding what to cite. If you are unsure, it is better to cite than not to cite.

5 How to avoid plagiarism?

Plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional, but either way, it is unethical and unacceptable. To avoid plagiarism, you should always cite your sources properly and clearly indicate where you have used someone else's words or ideas. You should also use quotation marks or block quotes when you copy a source word for word, and paraphrase or summarize when you put a source in your own words. However, paraphrasing or summarizing is not enough to avoid plagiarism; you still need to cite the original source. To paraphrase or summarize effectively, you should understand the source well, use your own voice and style, and change both the words and the structure of the source.

6 How to give credit?

Giving credit is not only about citing sources, but also about acknowledging and respecting the contributions and perspectives of others. You can give credit by using signal phrases, such as "According to...", "As X argues...", or "As cited in...", to introduce your sources and show how they relate to your writing. You can also give credit by evaluating and commenting on your sources, such as by agreeing, disagreeing, comparing, contrasting, or extending their ideas. Giving credit also means avoiding misrepresenting or distorting your sources, or using them out of context.

7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?